LNW-CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM
by R.M. Stiles
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
LNW CP/M was designed to be compatible with application
programs written for CP/M 2,2 (CP/M is a trade mark of Digital
Research corp).
LNW-CP/M loads at D800H with BIOS at EF00H. This provides
the user with a 61K system.
LNW-CP/M Disk system permits both single and double density,
5¼ and/or 8 inch disks, however, it is a double density
environment and system disks have to be double density. A utility
program called LNW Utility allows disk table changes to be set
for a variety of disk formats. The LNW-CP/M System disk must be
on one of the following:
5¼" 40-Track Single Sided Double Density
5¼" 40-Track Double Sided Double Density
5¼" 80-Track Single Sided Double Density
5¼" 80-Track Double Sided Double Density
8" 77-Track Single Sided Double Density
8" 71-Track Double Sided Double Density
The LNW Utility program allows selection of any of these formats,
plus a variety of other popular formats. The utility program
"SET" allows the knowledgeable user to manually change the disk
parameters and sector skew tables for any standard formated disk
sys tern.
This text will briefly describe the standard CP/M programs,
and fully describe the programs unique to LNW/CPM. For a full
description of CP/M, see the CP/M operations manual.
BRINGING UP LNW/CPM:
Power up the LNW-II according to procedures outlined in the
LNW user manual. WARNING -- Disk should not be in the drives
during power up or power down. Insert your LNW/CPM disk in drive
"A" and push the two reset keys. The disk size switch on the 5/8
doubler must be in the proper position (refer to LNW operation
manual). The screen should clear and the sign-on message should
appear while the system is loading. The screen will again clear
and the prompt "A> " with blinking cursor will appear. The
LNW/CPM operating system is now in operation. Type "DIR" and
enter to display programs and files on the disk. See appendix (A)
for a list of files supplied on your distribution diskette.
BACKING UP DISKETTES:
The first thing that you should do is to make a back-up of
your Distribution Diskette. We suggest that you nake two back-
ups, storing your original and one back-up called your "Master
Back-up" in a safe place and using your second back-up for normal
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use. The following procedure will create your back-up:
l. Insert your original in drive "A" and boot system.
2. Insert a blank diskette to be used for a back-up into
drive "B".
3. Type "FMT"and press enter key (future instructions will
assume the proper use of the enter key).
4. You will be asked which drive. Respond with the drive
name with the disk to be backed up.
5. You will now have a menu listing all formats available
Select the one for your system.
6. You now have a chance to review your selection, if the
selection is correct, respond with "Y". If not, then
"N" will return you to the beginning.
7. The system will now format your disk. It does each
track in three steps: write, read, and verify.
8. If any of the three fail, an error message will appear.
This usually means a bad diskette. You can try again
or use another diskette.
9. At the end of the formatting, the system will read the
system tracks from your master and then write them to
your back-up.
10. At the completion message type "X". This will return
you to the operating system prompt. You now have a
back-up of the "system " but no files. Use the CP/M
PIP command to copy files.
PIP 8:=A:*.*[ov]
The open bracket is the (f1) key and the close bracket
is the (f2) key. These appear on the screen as the ( ↑ )
for ([) and ( → )for (]). This command will copy all
files on drive "A" your original to drive "B" your
back-up. The [OV] will be explained in the section
under PIP.
On completion, you will have a back-up of your distribution
diskette. Put it away and use your master for all other back-ups.
The LNW utility program should now be used to configure the
disk for your specific system characteristics. This should then
be saved to your operating disk to permit you to boot the system
with the acquired characteristics rather than go though the
process each time.
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LNW-CP/M 2.2 system provides rapid access to programs
through a comprehensive file management manager, the file sub
system supports a named file structure, allowing dynamic alloca-
tion of file space as well as sequential and random file access.
Using this file system, a large number of programs can be stored
in both source and machine executable form.
Users of LNW CP/M 2.2 are physically separated by user
numbers with facilities for file copy operations from one user
area to another.
LNW CP/M 2.2 is logically divided into several distinct
parts:
BIOS - Basic I/O system
BDOS - Basic disk operating system
CCP - Console command processor
TPA - Transient program area
The BIOS provides the primitive operations necessary to
access the diskette drives and to interface with the console and
the printer.
The BDOS provides disk management by controlling one or more
disk drives containing independent file directories. The BDOS
implements disk allocation strategies that provide full dynamic
file construction while minimizing head movement across the disk
during access.
The CCP provides a symbolic interface between the users
console and the remainder of the CP/M system. The CCP reads the
console and processes commands. The standard commands that are
available in the CCP are listed in a later section.
The last segment of CP/M is the area called the Transient
Program Area (TPA). The TPA holds programs that are loaded from
the disk under command of the CCP.
Any or all of the CP/M component sub-systems can be "over-
laid" by an executing program. That is, once a user's program is
loaded into the TPA, the CCP, BDOS, and BIOS areas up to F700H
can be used as the program's data area. The area from F700H to
FFFFH are the memory mapped areas and, cannot be overlaid. A
"bootstrap" loader is programmatically accessible whenever the
BIOS portion (EE00H) is not overlaid; thus, the user program need
only branch to the bootstrap loader at the end of execution and
the complete CP/M monitor is reloaded from disk. If the BIOS is
overlaid then the system has to be "cold started".
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FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION:
The user interacts with LNW CPM through the CCP, which reads
and interprets commands entered through the console. The CCP
addresses one of the disks that are on-line (the system supports
up to four drives). These disks are labeled A through D. The
disk is "logged in" if the CCP is currently addressing the disk.
To clearly indicate which disk is the currently logged-in disk,
the CCP always prompts the operator with the disk name followed
by the symbol" >" indicating that the CCP is ready for another
command.
Upon initial start-up, the LNW-CP/M system is brought in
from disk "A", and the CCP displays the message:
CP/M Ver. 2.2
Copyright (c) 1979, Digital Research
LNW Ver m.m
by R.M.Stiles
Where m.m is the LNW implementation version number. Following
system sign-on, CP/M automatically logs in disk "A", and prompts
the user with the symbol "A>" (indicating that CPM is currently
addressing disk "A"), and waits for a command. The commands are
implemented at two levels: Built-in commands and Transient com-
mands.
GENERAL COMMAND STRUCTURE:
Built in commands are a part of the CCP program itself,
while transient commands are loaded into the TPA from disk and
executed. The built in commands are:
ERA - Erase specified files
DIR - List file names in the directory
REN - Rename the specified file
SAVE - Save memory contents in a file
TYPE - Type the contents of a file on the
logged disk
Most of the commands reference a particular file or group of
files.
FILE REFERENCES:
File reference identifies a particular file or group of
files on a particular disk attached to CP/M. These file
references are either "unambiguous" (ufn) or "ambiguous" (afn).
An unambiguous file reference uniquely identifies a single file,
while an ambiguous file reference is satisfied by a number of
different files.
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File reference consist of two parts: the primary filename
and the filetype.The two names are separated by a ".", as shown
below:
filename.typ
Where filename is the primary filename of eight characters or
less, and typ is the filetype of no more than three characters.
Although the filetype is optional, it usually is generic; that
is, the filetype "ASM", for example, is used to denote that the
file is an assembly language source file, while the primary
filename distinguishes each particular source file. As mentioned
above, the name:
filename
is also allowed and is equivalent to a filetype consisting of
three blanks. The characters used in specifying an unambiguous
file reference cannot contain any of the special chararters:
< > . , = ? * [ ] _ % ( ) /
While all alphanumerics and remaining special characters are
allowed.
An ambiguous file reference is used for directory search and
pattern matching. The form of an ambiguous file reference is
simular to an unambiguous reference, except the symbol "?" can be
interspaced throughout the primary and secondary names. In
various commands throughout CP/M, the "?" symbol matches any
character of a file name in the "?" position. Thus, the
ambiguous reference:
X?Z.C?H
is satisfied by the unambiguous filenames
XYZ.COM
X3Z.CAM
Note that the ambiguous reference
*.*
is equivalent to the ambiguous file reference
????????.???
while
filename.* and *.typ
are abbreviations for
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filename.??? and ????????.typ
As an example,
A>DIR *.*
is interpreted by the CCP as a command to list the names of all
disk files in the directory, while A>DIR X.Y searches only for a
file by the name X.Y. Similarly, the command:
A>DIR X?Y.C?M
causes a search for all unambiguous file names on the disk that
satisfy this ambiguous reference.
The following file names are valid unambiguous file references:
X X.Y XYZ XYZ.COM GAMMA GAMMA.I
As an added convenience, the user can generally specify the disk
drive name along with the file name. In the case, the drive name
is given as a letter A, through D followed by a colon (:). The
specified drive is "logged in" before the file operation occurs.
Thus, the following are valid file names with disk name prefixes:
A:X.Y B:X.Y C:XYZ D:XYZ.COM
All alphanumeric lower case Letters in file and drive names are
translated to upper case when they are processed by the CCP.
SWITCHING DISKS:
The operator can switch the currently logged disk by typing
the disk drive name (A through D) followed by a colon (:) when
the CCP is waiting for console input. Thus, the following
sequence of prompts and commands can occur after CP/M is loaded
from disk A.
A>dir = list all files on A
A:sample ASM sample PRN
A>b: = switch to disk B
B>dir *.asm = list all "ASM" files on B
B:Dump.ASM files.ASM
B>A: = switch to disk A
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BUILT IN COMMANDS:
The file and device reference forms described can now be
used to fully specify the structure of the built in commands. The
user should assume the following abbreviations in the descrip-
tions below:
ufn = Unambiguous file references
afn = Ambiguous file references
Remember -- CCP always translates lower case characters to upper
case characters internally.
ERA afn:
The ERA (erase) conunand removes files from the currently
logged disk. The files that are erased are those that satisfy the
ambiguous file reference "afn". The following examples
illustrate the use of ERA:
ERA X.Y = Erased file named X.Y
ERA X.* = Erases all files with primary name X
ERA *.ASM Erases all files with extension name ASM
ERA X?Y.C?M Erases all files that satisfy the ambiguous
reference X?Y.C?M
ERA *.* Erases all files on disk (in this case the
CCP prompts with the message 'ALL FILES
(Y/N?)) This requires a Y before any files
are removed.
ERA B:*.PRN All files on drive B that satisfy the
ambiguous reference ?????????.PRN are erased
independently of the current logged disk.
DIR afn:
The DIR (directory) command causes the names of all files
that satisfy the ambiguous file name afn to be listed at the
the console device. As a special case, the command DIR lists
the files on currently logged disk (the DIR is equivalent to
DIR *.*). Examples of DIR commands are:
DIR X.y
DIR X?Y.C?M
DIR ??.Y
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As with the CCP commands, the afn can be preceded by a drive
name:
DIR B:
DIR B:X.Y
DIR C:*.A?M
If no files on the selected disk satisfy the DIR request, the
message "no file" appears on the screen.
REN ufn1=ufn2:
The REN (rename) command allows the user to change the names
of files on disk. The file satisfying ufn2 is changed to ufn1.
The following are examples:
REN NEWNAME=OLDNAME The file OLDNAME is changed to
NEWNAME.
REN X.Y=Q.R The file Q.R is changed to X.Y
REN XYZ.COM=XYZ.XXX The file XYZ.XXX is changed to
XYZ.COM
ufn1 or ufn2 or both can be preceded by an optional drive name.
If ufn1 is preceded by a drive name, then ufn2 is assumed to
exist on the same drive. Similarly, if ufn2 is preceded by a
drive name, then ufn1 is assumed to exist on that drive as well.
The same drive must be specified in both cases if both ufn1 and
ufn2 are preceded by drive names. The following are examples:
REN A:X.ASM=Y.ASM File Y.ASM is changed to X.ASM on
drive A
REN B:ZAP.BAS=ZOT.BAS File ZOT.BAS is changed to ZAP.BAS
on drive B
REN B:X.ASN=B:X.BAK File X.BAK is chanqed to X.ASM on
drive B
If ufn1 is already present, the REN command will respond with the
error "file exists" and not confirm the change. If ufn2 does not
exist, the message "no file" appears.
SAVE n ufn:
The save command places n pages (256-byte blocks) onto disk
from the TPA and names this file ufn. TPA starts at 100h (hexi-
decimal) which is the second page of memory. The SAVE command
must specify 2 pages of memory if the user's program occupies the
area from 100H to 2FFH. The machine code file can be subsequently
loaded and executed. Examples are:
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SAVE 3 X.COM Copies 100H through 3FFH to X.COM
SAVE 40 Q Copies 100H through 28FFH to Q (note
that 28 is the page count in 28FFH,
and that 28H 2 * 16 + 8= 40 decimal)
SAVE 4 S.Y Copies 100H through 4FFH to S.Y
The SAVE command can also specify a disk drive in the ufn portion
of the command, as shown:
SAVE 10 B:ZOT.COM Copies 10 pages (100H through OAFFH) to
the file ZOT.COM on drive B
TYPE ufn:
The TYPE command displays the contents of the ASCII source
file ufn on the currently logged drive.
TYPE X.Y
TYPE X.PLM
TYPE XYZ
are examples of the TYPE command.
The TYPE command expands tabs (ctl-l characters), assuming
tab positions are set at every eighth column. The ufn can also
reference a drive name.
TYPE B:X.PRN
displays the file X.PRN from drive B.
USER n
The USER command allows maintenance of separate files in the
save directory and take the form:
USER n
where n is an integer value in the range 0 to 15. On cold start,
the operator is automatically "logged" into user area 0, which is
compatible with standard CP/M 1 directories. The operator may use
the USER command at any time to move to another logical area
within the same directory. Drives that are logged-in while
addressing one user number are automatically active when the
operator moves to another. A user number is simply a prefix that
accesses particular directory entries on the active drive.
The user number is maintained until changed by a subsequent
USER command, or until a cold start when user 0 is again assumed.
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Line Editing and Output Control:
The CCP allow certain line editing functions while typing
command lines.
Ctl-C System Re-boot when typed at the start of line.
Ctl-E Physical end of line: carriage is returned, but
line return is not sent until the carriage return
key is depressed.
Ctl-H Back-space on character position.
Ctl-3 Terminate current line input (line feed).
Ctl-M Terminate current line input (carriage return).
Ctl-R Retype current command line.
Ctl-U Delete the entire line typed at the console.
Ctl-X Same as Ctl-U.
Ctl-Z End input from the console (used in Pip and Ed).
The control functions Ctl-P and Ctl-S affect the console output.
Ctl-P Copy all subsequent console output to the list
device. Output is sent to the list device and the
console until the next Ctl-P is typed.
Ctl-S Stop the console output temporarily. Program
execution and output continue when the next
character is typed at console.
The control functions Ctl-9 and Ctl-0 affect the console only.
Ctl-9 Clears the screen - has no affect upon program
under execution
Ctl-0 Toggles from the underline cursor (_) to a block
(█) cursor.
The CTL-KEY sequences are obtained by depressing the control key
and letter (number) keys simultaneously. Further, the CCP
command lines are generally up to 255 characters in length; they
are not acted upon until the carriage return key is typed.
TRANSIENT COMMANDS:
Transient commands are loaded from the currently logged disk
and executed in the TPA. The transient commands for execution
under the CCP are below:
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STAT List the number of bytes of storage remaining on
the currently logged disk, provide statistical
information about particular files, and display or
alter device assignment.
ASM Load the CP/M assembler and assemble the specified
program from disk.
LOAD Load the file in Intel "HEX" machine code format
and produce a file in machine executable form that
can be loaded into the TPA (this loaded program
becomes a new command under the CCP).
DDT6 Load the CP/M debugger into TPA and start
execution (6 indicates patch to DDT to move the
interrupt from RST 7 to RST 6).
PIP Load the peripheral interchange program for
subsequent disk file and peripheral transfer
operations.
ED Load and execute the CP/M text editor program.
SUBMIT Submit a file of commands for batch processing.
MOVCPM Regenerate the CP/N system.
DUMP Dump the contents of a file in Hex.
LNW Allows changes to operating system parameters.
FMT Formats diskettes arid installs operatiiig system.
SET Allows manually changing the disk parameters
within the BIOS.
Transient commands are specified in the same manner as built
in commands, and additional commands are easily defined by the
user. The transient command can be preceded by a drive name that
causes the transient to be loaded from the specified drive into
the TPA for execution. The command:
B:STAT
causes CPM to temporarily "log in" drive B for the source of the
STAT transient, and then return to the original logged disk for
subsequent processing.
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STAT
The STAT command provides general statistical information
about file storage and device assignment. It is initiated by one
of the following forms:
STAT
STAT "Command Line"
Special forms of the "command line" allow the current device
assignment to be examined and altered, The various command lines
that can be specified are shown, with an explanation on each to
the right.
STAT If the user types an empty command line, the STAT
transient calculates the starage remaining on all
active drives, and prints the message:
d:R/W,SPACE:nnnK
or
d:R/O,SPACE:nnnK
for each active drive d:, where R/W indicates the
drive can be read or written, and R/O indicates
the drive is read only (a drive becomes R/O by
explicitly setting it to read only, as shown
below, or by inadvertently changing diskettes
without performing a warm boot). The space
remaining on the diskette in drive d: is given in
kilobytes by nnn.
STAT d: If a drive name is given, then the drive is
selected before the storage is computed. Thus,
the command "STAT B:" could be issued while logged
into drive A, resulting in the message:
BYTES remaining on B: nnnK
STAT afn The command line can also specify a set of files
to be scanned by STAT. The files that satisfy afn
are listed in alphabetical order, with storage
information for each file under the heading:
RECS BYTS EX D:FILENAME.TYP
rrrr bbbk ee d:filename.typ
Where rrrr is the number of 128 byte records
allocated to the f ile (bbb=rrr*128/1024 ), ee is
the number of 16K extents (ee=bbb/16), d is the
drive name containing the file (A...0),
filename. typ is the name of the file.
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STAT d:afn The drive name can be given ahead of the afn. The
specified drive is first selected, and the form
"STAT afn" is executed.
STAT d:=R/O This form sets the drive given by d to read only,
remaining in effect until the next warm or cold
start takes place. When a disk is read only, the
message:
BDOS ERR ON d: READ ONLY
will appear if an attempt to write to the R/O disk
d: CPM waits until a key is depressed before
performing an automatic warm boot (at which time
d: becomes R/W).
Within the LNW-CPM system, the STAT command that allows
control over physical to logical devices affects only the IOBYTE
(location 0003H).
The device assignments are:
CON: Permanently assigned to the crt device
RDR: Not implemented
PUN: Not implemented
LST: Permanently assigned to system printer
(serial or parallel, see LNW utility)
The command
STAT VAL:
produces a summary of the available status commands, resulting in
the output:
Temp R/O Disk d: SR/O
Set Indicator:filename.typ $R/O $R/W $SYS $DIR
Disk Status: DSK: d:DSK
iobyte assign:
CON: = TTY:CRT:BAT:UC1
RDR: = TTY:PTR:UR1:UR2
PUN: = TTY:PTP:UP1:UP2
LST: = TTY:CRT:LPT:UL1
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The command STAT DEV: produces a list of device assignments set
by the iobyte upon initialization.
CON: = CRT
RDR: = TTY
PUN: = TTY
LST: = LPT
Although the command:
STAT Log Dev1 = Phy Dev1, Log Dev2 = Phy Dev2
will change the listing the iobyte, it will have no effect on
device assignments within the LNW-CPM CBIOS (CON=CRT,LST=LPT).
The command form:
STAT d:filename.typ $S
where "d:" is an optional drive name and "filename.typ" is an
unambiguous or ambiguous filename, produces the sample output
display formats:
SIZE RECS BYTS EXT ACC
48 48 6K 1 R/O A:ED.CON
55 55 12K 1 R/O A:PIP.COM
65536 128 16K 2 R/W A:X.DAT
Where the $S parameter causes the size field to be displayed.
The size field lists the virtual file size in records, while the
"RECS" field sums the number of virtual records in each extent.
For file, constructed sequentially, the size and recs field are
identical. The "BYTES" field lists the actual number of bytes
allocated to the file. The minimum allocation unit is determined
at configuration time; thus, the number of bytes corresponds to
the record count plus the remaining unused space in the last
allocated block for sequential files. Random access files are
given data areas only when written, so the bytes field contains
the only accurate allocation figure. In the case of random
access, the size field gives the logical end-of-file record
position and the recs field counts the logical records of each
extent. (each of these extents, however, may contain unallocated
"holes" even though they are added into the record count.) The
"EXT" field counts the number of physical extents allocated to
the file. The EXT count corresponds to the number of directory
entries given to the file.
The "ACC" field gives the R/O or R/W file indicator that is
changed using commands shown. Similarly, the parenthesis shown
about the PIP.COM filename indicate that it has the "system"
indicator set, so it will not be listed in DIR commands. The four
command forms
STAT d:filename.typ SR/O
STAT d:filename.typ $R/W
15
STAT d:filename.typ $SYS
STAT d:filename.typ $DIR
set or reset the various permanent file indicators. The R/O
indicator places the file in a read-only status until changed by
a subsequent STAT command. The R/W indicator change the file to
read/write status. The SYS indicator attaches the system
indicator to the file, while the DIR removes it. The
filename.typ may be ambiguous or unambiguous.
The command form:
STAT d: DSK:
lists the drive characteristics of the disk "d:". The drive
characteristics are listed in the format:
d: Drive Characteristics
1328: 128 Byte Record Capacity
166: Kilobyte Drive Capacity
64: 32 Byte Directory Entries
64: Checked Directory Entries
256: Records/Extent
16: Records/Block
36: Sectors/Track
3: Reserved Tracks
Where d: is the selected drive, followed by the total record
capacity (1328 is a 40-track 5¼" SSDD drive), followed by the
total capacity listed in kilobytes. The directory size is listed
next, followed by checked entries. The number of checked entries
is identical to the directory entry. This is used to detect
changed media during CP/M operation. The number of records per
extent determines the addressing capacity of each directory entry
The number of records per block shows the basic allocation size.
The two remaining entries show the number of physical sectors per
track and the number of reserved tracks.
The command form:
STAT DSK:
produces a drive characteristic table for all currently active
drives.
The final Stat command form is:
STAT USR:
which produces a list of the user numbers that have files on the
currently addressed disk. The display format is:
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Active User :0
Active files :0 1 3
Where the first line lists the currently addressed user number
followed by a list of user renumbers having active files or the
current disk.
ASM ufn
The ASM command loads and executes the CP/M 8080 assembler.
The ufn specifies a source file containing assembly language
statements where the file type is assumed to be ASH and is not
specified. The following ASM commands are valid:
ASM X for X.ASM
ASM GAMMA for GAMNA.ASM
The two-pass assembler is automatically executed. Assembly
errors that occur during the second pass are printed at the
console.
The assembler produces a file:
X.PRN
The PRN file contains a listing of the source program, along with
the machine code generated for each statement and diagnostic error
messages, if any, The file:
X.HEX
is also produced, which contains 8080 machine language in INTEL
"HEX" format suitable for subsequent loading. Complete details
of the CP/M Assembler are beyond the scope of this manual, and
can be found in the CP/M operations manual.
LOAD ufn
The LOAD command reads the file ufn, which is assumed to
contain "HEX" format machine code, and produces a memory image
file that can subsequently be executed. The filename ufn is
assumed to be of the form:
X.HEX
GAMMA.HEX
and only the filename X or GAMMA, in the samples, need be
specified in the command. The LOAD command creates a file named:
X.COM
GAMMA.COM
that marks it as containing machine executable code.
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Generally the CCP reads the filename, X or GAMMA, following
the prompting character "> and looks for a built in function
name. If no function name is found, the CCP searches the system
disk directory for a file by the name X.COM or GAMMA.COM. If
found, the machine code is loaded into the TPA, and the program
executes. The user need only LOAD a hex file once; it can be
subsequently executed any number of times. The operation takes
place on an alternative drive if the file name is prefixed by a
drive name.
LOAD B:BETA
brings the LOAD program into TPA from the currently logged disk
and operates upon drive B after execution begins.
DDT6
The DDT6 program is the CP/N dynamic debugging tool. The 6
denotes that the restart instruction internally used by DDT, has
been changed to restart 6 for the LNW-CP/M system. Its use is
otherwise identical to the standard CP/M DDT program. DDT6 is
invoked by one of the following forms:
DDT6
DDT6 Filename.Typ
Where "filename" is the name of the program to be loaded and
tested. In both cases, the DDT6 program is brought into main
memory in place of the CCP; and resides directly below the BDOS
portion of CP/M. The BDOS starting address, located at the jump
location 5H, is altered to reflect the reduced TPA area size.
The second form of the DDT6 command performs the same
actions as the first, except there is a subsequent load of the
specified file. The action is identical to the sequence of
command:
DDT6
IFilename.TYP
R
Where the I and R commands set up and read the specified program.
(the I and R commands are described below.) Upon initialization,
DDT6 prompts the user with the character "_" and waits for input
commands from the console. The operator can type any of several
single character commands, terminated by a carriage return to
execute the command. Each line of input can be line - edited
using the standard CP/M controls:
Backspace Remove last character typed
CTL-U Remove the entire line, ready
for retyping
18
CTL-C System Reboot
Any command can be up to 32 characters in length (an automatic
carriage return is inserted as the 33rd character), where the
first character determines the command type.
A Enter 8080 assembly language mnemonics with
operands.
D Display memory in hexiaecimal and ASCII.
F Fill memory with constant data.
G Begin execution with optional breakpoints.
I Set up a standard input file control block.
L List memory using 8080 assembler mnemonics.
M Move a memory segment from source to
destination.
R Read program for subsequent testing.
S Substitute menory values.
T Trace program execution.
U Untraced program monitoring.
X Examine and optionally alter the CPU state.
The command character, in some cases, is followed by zero, one,
two, or three hexidecimal values, which are separated by commas
or single blank characters. All DDT6 numeric output is in
hexidecimal form.
At any point in the debug run, the operator can stop
execution of DDT6 by using either a CTL-C or GO (jmp to location
0000H), and save the current memory image by using a SAVE command
of the form:
SAVE n filename.typ
Where n is the number of pages (256 byte blocks) to be saved on
disk. The number of blocks is determined by taking the high
order byte of the address in the TPA and converting this number
to decimal. For example, if the highest address in the TPA is
1234H, the number of pages is 12H or 1S in decimal. The operator
could type a CTL-C during the debug run, returning to the CCP
level, followed by:
SAVE 1S X.COM
19
The memory image is saved as X.COM and can be directly executed
by the name X.
A complete description of the DDT6 commands can be found in
the CP/M operations manual.
PIP
PIP is the Peripheral Interchange Program that implements
the basic media conversion operatians necessary to load, print,
copy and combine disk files. The PIP program is initiated by
typing one of the following forms:
PIP
PIP "command line"
In both cases PIP is loaded into the TPA and executed. In the
first form, PIP reads command lines directly from the console,
prompted with the "*" character, until an empty command line is
typed (ie. a single carriage return). The second form is
equivalent to the first, except that the single command line
given with the PIP command is automatically executed, and PIP
terminates immediately with no further prompting. The form of
each command line is:
destination=source#1, source#2,...,source#n
Where "destination" is the file or peripheral device to receive
the data and "source #1,...,source #n" is a series of one or more
files on devices that are copied from left to right to the
destination.
When multiple files are given in the command line (ie. n>1),
the individual files are assumed to contain ASCII characters,
with an assumed CP/M end of file character (CTL-Z) at the end of
each file (see the 0 parameter to override this assumption).
Lower case ASCII alphabetics are internally translated to upper
case to be consistent with CP/M file and device name conventions.
The total command line length cannot exceed 255 characters (CTL-E
can be used to force a physical carriage return for lines that
exceed the console width).
The destination and source elements are unambiguous
references to CP/M source files with or without a preceding disk
drive name. When the drive name is not included, the currently
logged disk is assumed. The destination file can also appear as
one or more of the source files, in which case the source file is
not altered until the entire concatenation is complete. If it
already exists, the destination file is removed if the command
line is properly formed (it is not removed if an error condition
arises). The following command lines are valid as input to PIP:
20
X=Y Copy to file X from file Y, where X and Y
unambiguous file names; Y remains unchanged.
X=Y,Z Concatenate files Y and Z and copy to file X, with
Y and Z remaining unchanged.
X.ASM=Y.ASM,Z.ASM,FIN.ASM
Create the file X.ASM from the concatenation of
the Y,Z, and FIN files.
NEW.ZOT=B:OLD.ZAP
Move a copy of OLD.ZAP from drive B to the
currently logged disk and name it NEW.ZOT.
OLD.ZAP will remain unchanged on drive B.
B:W.ZAP=B:X.ZAP,A:Y.ZAP,Z.ZAP
Concatenate file X.ZAP from drive B with Y.ZAP
from drive A and 2.ZAP from the logged disk;
create the file W.ZAP on drive B.
For convenience, PIP allows abbreviated commands for transferring
files between disk drives. The abbreviated forms are:
PIP B:=afn Copies all files from the currently logged
disk that satisfy the afn to the same files
on drive B.
PIP A:=B:afn Same as first example except copies from
drive B to drive A
PIP ufn=C: Equivalent to PIP d:ufn C:ufn where d is the
currently logged disk. The file, ufn, is
copied from drive C to logged disk.
PIP B:ufn=C: Copies the file ufn from drive C to drive B.
The source and destination disks must be different in all of
these cases. lf an afn is specified, PIP lists each ufn that
satisfies the afn as it is being copied. If a file exists by the
same name as the destination file, it is removed on successful
completion of the copy and replaced by the copied file. The
following PIP commands give examples of valid disk to disk copy
operations:
B:=*.COM Copy all files that have the secondary name
"COM" from logged drive to drive B.
A:=B:ZAP.* Copy all files that have the primary name
"ZAP" from drive B to drive A.
ZAP.ASM=B: Copy ZAP.ASM from drive B to logged drive
21
B:ZOT.COM=A: Copy ZOT.COM from drive A to drive B
B:=GAMMA.BAS Copy GAMMA.BAS from logged drive to drive B
B:=A:GAMMA.BAS Copy GAMMA.BAS from drive A to drive B
PIP allows reference to physical and logical devices that
are attached to the LNW-CPM System (CON and LST), along with a
numbers of specially named devices. The additional device names
that can be used in PIP commands are:
NUL: Send 40 "NULLS" (ASCIl 0's)
EOF: Send a CP/M end-of-file (ASCIl CTL-Z) Sent
automatically at the end of all ASCII data
transfers through PIP.
PRN: Same as LST: except that tabs are expanded at
every eighth character position, lines are
numbered, and page ejects are inserted every 60
lines with an initial eject (same as using PIP
options (T8NP) ).
File and device names can be interspersed in the PIP commands.
In each case, the specific device is read until end-of-file (CTL-
Z for ASCII files, and end-of-data for non-ASCII disk files).
Data from device or file are concatenated from left to right
until the last data source has been read. The destination device
or file is written using the data from the source files, and an
end-of-file character (CTL-Z) is appended to the result for ASCII
files. If the destination is a disk file, a temporary file is
created ($$$ secondary name) that is changed to the actual name
only on successful completion of the copy. Files with the
extension "COM" are always assumed to be non-ASCII.
The copy operation can be aborted at any time by depressing
any key on the keyboard (a return suffices). PIP will respond
with the message "ABORTED" to indicate that the operation has not
been completed. If any operation is aborted, or if an err.or
occurs during processing, PIP removes any pending commands that
were set up while using the SUBMIT command.
Valid PIP commands are:
PIP LST:=X.PRN Copy X.PRR to the printer and terminate
the PIP program.
PIP Start PIP for a sequence of commands
(PIP prompts with "*").
*CON:=X.ASM,Y.ASM,Z.ASM
Concatenate three ASM files and copy to
the console.
22
*X.HEX CON:,Y.HEX Create a file by reading the console
(until a CTL-Z is typed), followed by
data from 7.HEX.
(carriage return) Single carriage return stops PIP
The user can also specify one or more PIP parameters,
enclosed in left and right brackets (f1 key (() for left bracket
and f2 key (]) for right bracket), separated by zero or more
blanks. Each parameter affects the copy operation, and the
enclosed list of parameters must immediately follow the affected
file or device. Generally, each parameter can be followed by an
optional decimal integer value (the S and Q parameters are
exceptions). Valid PIP parameters are:
B Block mode transfer: data are buffered by PIP until an
ASCII x-off character (CTL-S) is received form the
source device.
Dn Delete characters that extend past column n in the
transfer of data to the destination from the source.
This parameter is generally used to truncate long lines
that are sent to a narrow printer or console.
E Echo all transfer operations to the console as they are
being performed.
F Filter form feeds from the file. All embedded form
feeds are removed. The P parameter can be used
simultaneously to insert new form feeds.
Gn Get file from user number n
H Hex data transfer : all data are checked for proper
Intel hex file format. Non-essential characters
between hex records are removed during the copy
operation. The console will be prompted for corrective
action in case errors occur.
I Ignore ": " records in the transfer of intel hex
format file (the I parameter automatically sets the H
parameter).
L Translate upper case alphabetics to lower case.
N Add line numbers to each line transferred to the
destination, starting at one and incrementing by 1.
Leading zeros are suppressed, and the number is
followed by a colon. If N2 is specified, leading zeros
are included and a tab is inserted following the
number. The tab is expanded if T is set.
O Object file (non-ASCII) transfer t the normal CP/M end-
of-file is ignored.
23
Pn Include page eject every n lines (with an initial page
eject). If n=1 or is excluded altogether, page ejects
occur every 60 lines. If the F parameter is used, form
feed suppression takes place before the new page ejects
are inserted.
Qs z Quit copying from the source device on file when the
string s (terminated by CTL-Z) is encountered.
R Read system files
Ss z Start copying from the source when the string s
(terminated by CTL-Z) is encountered. The S and Q
parameters can be used to "abstract" a particular
section of a file (such as a subroutine). The start
and quit strings are always included in the copy
operations.
If the user selects form (2) of the PIP command, the
CCP translates strings following the S and Q parameters
to upper case translation:
(1) PIP
(2) PIP "command line"
Tn Expand tabs (CTL-L characters) to every nth column
during the transfer of characters to the destination to
source.
U Translate lower case alphabetic to upper case during
the copy operation.
U Verify that data have been copied correctly by
rereading after the write operation (the destination
must be a disk file).
W Write over R/O files without console interrogation.
Z Zero the parity bit on input for each ASCII character.
Valid PIP commands that specify parameters in the file transfer
are:
PIP X.ASM=B:[V]
copy object file X.COM from the drive B to
the current drive and verify.
PIP LST:X.ASM[NT8u]
Copy X.ASM to the printer> number each
line, expand tabs to every eighth column,
and translate lower case to upper case.
24
PIP X.LIB=Y.ASM [sSUBRI:z qJP L3 z]
Copy from the file Y.ASM into the file
X.LIB. Start the copy when the string
"SUBRI:" has been found, and quit copying
after the string "Jp L3" is encountered.
PIP PRN:=X.ASM[p50]
Send X.ASM to the printer with line
numbers, tabs expanded to every eighth
column, and page ejects at every 50th line.
The assumed parameter list for a PRN file is
nt8p60, p50 overrides the default value.
Under normal operation, PIP will overwrite a file that is set to
permanent R/O status. If an attempt is made to overwrite an
R/O file, the prompt:
DESTINATION FILE IS R/O, DELETE (Y/N)?
is displayed. If the operator responds with "Y" the file is
overwritten. Otherwise, the response:
** NOT DELETED **
is displayed, the file transfer is skipped and PIP continues with
the next operation in sequence. To avoid the prompt and response
in the case of R/O file overwrite, the command line can include
the W parameter:
PIP A:=B:*.*[W]
which copies all non system files to the A drive from the B drive
and overwrites any R/O files. If the operation involves several
concatenated files, the W parameter need only be included with
the last file in the list.
Files with the system attribute can be included in PIP
transfers if the R parameter is included; otherwise, system files
are not recognized. The command line:
PIP A:=B:*.*[R]
copies all files, including system files.
NOTE: To copy files into another user area, PIP.COM must be
located in that user area. Follow the procedure shown below to
make a copy of PIP.CON in another user area.
USER 0 Log in user 0
DDT6 PIP.CON (note PIP size s) Load PIP to memory
G 0 Return to CCP
25
USER 3 Log in user 3
SAVE s PIP.COM Makes file PIP.COM in User 3
Where "s" is the integral number of memory "pages" (256 byte
segments) occupied by PIP. The number s can be determined when
PIP.CON is loaded under DDT6, by referring to the hexidecimal
value under the NEXT display. lf, for example, the next
available address is 1D00, then PIP.COM requires one less than
the high byte (1D-1=1C). 1C Hex = 28 decimal thus the command
would be:
SAVE 28 PIP.CON
Once PIP is copied in this manner, it can be copied to
another disk belonging to the same user number through normal PIP
transfers.
ED ufn
The ED program is the CP/M system context editor that allows
creation and alteration of ASCII files in the CP/M environment.
Complete details of ED operation are given in the CP/M
operations manual and is beyond the scope of this document.
ED allows the operator to create and operate upon source
files that are organized as a sequence of ASCII characters. If
the file ufn does not exist, ED creates and opens it for access.
If the source file does exist (see the "A" command), the
programmer "appends" data for editing. The appended can then be
displayed, altered, and written from the work area back to the
disk (see the W command). Particular points in the program can
be automatically paged and located by context (see the N
command), allowing easy access to particular portions of a large
file. Given that the operator has typed:
ED X.ASM
the ED programs create an intermediate work file with the name:
x.$$$
to hold the edited data during the ED session. Upon completion
of ED, the X.ASM file (original file) is renamed to X.BAK, and
the edited work file is renamed to X.ASM. The operator can
always return to the previous version of a file by removing the
most recent version and renaming the previous version. If the
current X.ASM file has been improperly edited, the sequence of
commands below will reclaim the back-up file:
DIR X.* Check to see that BAK file is
available.
ERA X.ASM Erase most recent version.
REN X.ASM = X.BAK Rename the BAK file to ASM.
26
The ED program allows the user to edit the source on one disk and
create the back-up file on another disk. The form of the ED
command is!
ED ufn d:
Samples are:
ED A:X.ASM Edit file X.ASM on drive A, with
new file and back-up on drive A.
ED B:S.ASM A: Edit the file X.ASM on drive B to
the temporary file X.$$$ on drive
A, after editing, change X.ASM on
drive B to X.BAR and change X.$$$
on drive A to X.ASM.
SUBMIT ufn parm 41....parm 0n
The SUBMIT command allows CP/M commands to be batched for
automatic processing. The ufn given in the SUBMIT command must
be the file name of a file that exists on the currently logged
disk, with an assumed file type of "SUB." The SUB file contains
CP/M prototype commands with possible parameter substitution.
The actual parameters parm #l...parm #n are substituted into the
prototype commands, and, if no errors occur, the file of
substituted commands are processed sequentially by CP/M.
The prototype command file is created using an editor, such
as ED in other word processing programs, with interspersed "$"
parameters of the form:
$1 $2 $3...$n
corresponding to the number of actual parameters that will be
included when the file is submitted for execution. When the
SUBMIT transient is executed, the actual parameters parm #1 ....
parm #n are paired with the formal parameters $1...$n in the
prototype commands. If the numbers of formal and actual
parameters do not correspond, the submit function is aborted with
an error message at the console. The submit function creates a
file of substituted commands with the name:
$$$.SUB
on the logged disk. When the system reboots (at the termination
of the submit), this command file is read by the CCP as a source
of input rather than the console. If the submit function is
performed on any disk other than drive A, the commands are not
processed until the disk is inserted into drive A and the system
reboots. The user can abort processing at any time by typing a
reboot ( key) when the command is read and echoed. In this case <-- need to insert the reboot key character -->
the $$$.SUB file is removed and the subsequent commands come from
27
the console. Command processing is also aborted if the CCP
detects an error in any of the commands. Programs that execute
under CP/M can abort processing of command files when error
conditions occur by erasing any $$$.SUB file.
The last command in a SUB file can initiate another SUB
file, allowing chained batch commands.
Suppose the file ASMBL.SUB exists on disk and contains the
prototype commands:
ASM $1
DIR $1.*
ERA *.BAK
PIP $2: = $1.PRN
ERA $1.PRN
and the command:
SUBMIT ASMBL X PRN
is issued by the operator. The submit program reads the
ASMBL.SUB file, substituting "X" for all occurrences of $1 and
"PRN" for all occurrences of $2. This results in a S$$.SUB file
containing the commands:
ASM X
DIR X.*
ERA *.BAK
PIP PRN: = X.PRN
ERA X.PRN
which are executed in sequence by the CCP.
The SUBMIT function can access a sub file or an alternate
drive by preceding the file name by a drive name. Submitted
files are only acted upon when they appear on drive A, Thus it
is possible to create a submitted file on drive B that is
executed at a later time when inserted in drive A.
X.SUB
Is an additional utility program that extends the power of
the SUBMIT facility to include line input to program as well as
the CCP. The X.SUB command is included as the first line of age
submit file. When it is executed, X.SUB self relocates directly
below the CCP. All subsequent submit command lines are processed
28
by X.SUB so that programs that read buffered console input (BDOS
function 10) receive their input directly fram the submit file.
For example, the file SAVER.SUB can contain the submit lines:
X.SUB
DDT6
I$1.COM
R
GO
SAVE 1 $2.COM
with a subsequent submit command:
SUBMIT SAVER Myfile Y
That substitutes Myfile for $1 and Y for $2 in the command
stream. The X.SUB program loads, followed by DDT6. DDT6 is then
sent the command lines:
I MYFILE.COM
R
GO
which returns to the CCP. The final command:
SAVE 1 Y.COM
is processed by the CCP.
The X.SUB program remains in memory and prints the message:
(X.SUB ACTIVE)
on each warm start operation to indicate its presence.
Subsequent submit command streams do not require the X.SUB,
unless an intervening cold start has occurred.
NOTE: X.SUB must be loaded after the optional CP/M despool
utility, if both are to run simultaneously.
MOVCPM
The MOVCPM program is not normally used with the LNW-CP/M
system. It is included with the distributed diskette for special
applications by the advanced programmer.
The use of MOVCPM follows normal conventions described in
the CP/N manual with the exception of automatically configuring
for maximum size. A size of 61K or less has to be passed as a
parameter.
29
DUMP ufn
The DUMP program types the contents of the disk file (ufn)
at the console in hexidecimal form. The file contents are listed
sixteen bytes at a time, with the absolute byte address listed to
the left of each line in hexidecimal. Long typeouts can be
aborted by pushing the rubout (break) key during printout. The
file DUMP.ASM is included on the distribution diskette as an
example of a program written for the CP/M environment.
LNW
The LNW program allows the CBIOS to be changed for different
drive configurations, serial, parallel, or custom printer driver
selection, and 16 or 24 lines per screen display. The program
makes immediate changes to CBIOS in memory. On exiting the
program the user is given the choice of making all changes,
except screen size, a permanent change by writing to the CBIOS on
the system disk presumed to be in drive A.
The distribution diskette is set for 4 drives active,
slowest step rate (3), parallel printer, and the 80xl6 screen.
LNW
will display the following:
Disk Parameter Change Facility by R.M. Stiles
4 Disks in system Screen S ize
*Drive A Parameters = 5" 40 trk S/Side D/Den :step=3
*Drive B Parameters = 5" 40 trk S/Side D/Den :step=3 <L> 80X24
*Drive C Parameters = 5" 40 trk S/Side D/Den :step=3 <M> 80X16
*Drive D Parameters = 5" 40 trk S/Side D/Den :step=3
<1> Change number of drives in system
Printer
Enter drive to change or menu item *<P>arallel (Nor)
<S>erial
<U>Custom
An asterisk indicates the parameters that are active. See
appendix (E) for a sample session using the LNW utility.
Selecting L or M from the main menu will change the screen size
between 80x16 to 80x24. This change cannot be made permanent
from the LNW utility, but will remain in memory until a cold
restart is done, or changed by the LNW utility. Appendix (B)
shows how to change the screen size permanently.
30
The program has two built in printer drivers, Serial
Parallel. When either of these are selected from the main menu,
a second menu will give the choice of
Normal line feed driver will send what is received.
Automatic line feed driver will add a line feed (0AH)
after each carriage return (0DH),
No line feed driver will remove line feed after
a carriage return.
The <U>custom selection is for a user installed custom
driver. Appendix (D) gives a listing of each of the drivers and
instructions for installing the custom driver.
FMT
The FMT program formats disks for the LNW-CP/M system. It
will generate the system tracks configured for the target
diskette, from the system diskette presumed to be in drive A. If
the target diskette is drive A, then the user will be prompted
for the correct disk to be inserted.
The FMT command has four farms, they are:
FMT
FMT SYS
FMT GET
FMT PUT
The command:
FMT
with no command tail, will format the entire target diskette and
generate the system on the system tracks (if the target diskette
is a system disk). The main menu:
LNW-CP/M Format Utility by R.M. Stiles
Which Drive (A,B,C,D)
Select one.
will display the formats available to LNW-CP/M. Select the format
for the target diskette. The display will ask for the target
drive name. Select the drive to be formatted. The display will
31
now list the formats available. Select one. The display will now
show the selection that was chosen, and ask for a Y/N response.
A response of Y will start the format, and an N will return to
program start. The formatting is done in three steps, write,
read, and verify. These steps along with the track information
are displayed as they are performed. The track is written on the
write cycle, each sector is then read, during read cycle to
verify correct track and sector identification. The verify cycle
then checks the data (E5) that was written. If an error occurs
an error message will be displayed and the last cycle shown will
be where the error ocrurrred,
NOTE: At the response question of Y/N, responding with a zero
(0) will cause the complete format without reading or
verifying. This is much faster, but will not check the
diskette for errors. It is not recommended unless you
are very sure of your diskette.
At the completion of the format the screen will indicate:
READING SYSTEM
At this time the system from drive A is being read into memory
and configured for the target diskette. The message:
WRITING SYSTEM
will then show as the system is being written to the target
diskette. If no errors have occurred then the completion message:
COMPLETE
will be displayed, asking if you want to leave the program or
format another diskette. If an error has occurred you will have
the choice of exiting the program or returning to the start. At
the successful completion, the target diskette is ready for use.
It will have the system on the system tracks, but no files. Use
the PIP command to transfer files.
The command:
FMT SYS
will format just the system tracks and generate the system. This
form of the FMT command will not interfere with any files that
may be on the diskette. It can be use to repair the system
tracks and to apply future updates without having to transfer
files.
The last two commands are used together. The command:
FMT GET
will read the system from the system diskette, assumed to be in
drive A, and install it configured for the target system into
32
memory starting at loc 7000H. A memory map of the system at this
location is shown in appendix (I). Modifications and changes can
then be made using the DDT6 program.
WARNING: The byte at 6FFFH must not be altered. This byte
passes information between the FHT GET and FMT PUT the
target system.
The command:
FMT PUT
will write the system located at 7000H onto the system tracks of
the target diskette. No formatting will be done. This form of
the comrtland is used in conjunction with the Phil' GET form. The
appendices show several examples using these two forms with DDT6
to make system changes.
SET
The SET utility allows the experienced user to manually
change the drive parameter, and skew tables in the CBIOS. This
gives the ability to be able to read and copy many different
systems diskettes. The system can only read foreign diskettes
with a maximum of 512 bytes per sector. Appendix (F) will show
how to set the system to read larger sectors.
The command:
SET
will display:
Disk Parameter Change Facility by R.M. Stiles
Enter Drive to Change (A, B, C, or D) or X to exit
The screen will display the drive parameters presently set
in the CBIOS for the selected drive. These parameters can now be
changed. The CBIOS tables will not reflect these changes until
the final Y/N response question. After completion of the
parameter changes, a Y/N response is asked before preceding. A Y
will advance to the skew tables. The table shown is that
presently set in CBIOS for that drive. At the completion of this
table, a Y/N response is again asked, a Y response here will set
the changes within the CBIOS and return to the start of program.
If the same drive is again selected the tables will show the
changes just made.
The changes made within the set program are changed
temporarily and will remain in effect until the next cold start.
To make a permanent change, the LNW program must be used in
conjunction with SET. Make the changes with SET. Enter the LNW
program (it will recognize this change as a non-standard format).
Toggle the printer selection (this sets the change flag within
33
the program), Exit the program by saving to disk. This disk
will now have the new drive parameters set permanently.
BDOS Error Messages
There are three error situations that the BDOS intercepts
during file processing. When one of these conditions is detected,
the BDOS prints the message:
BDOS ERR ON d: error
where d is the drive name and "error" is one of the three error
messages:
BAD SECTOR
SELECT
READ ONLY
The "BAD SECTOR" message indicates that the disk controller
electronics has detected an error condition in reading or writing
the diskette. Recovery from this condition is accomplished by
typing a ctl-C to reboot (the safest course), or a return, which
ignores the bad sector in the file operation.
The "SELECT" error occurs when there is an attempt to
address a drive beyond the range supported by the LNW CP/M
system. In this case, the value of d in the error message gives
the selected drive. The system reboots following any input from
the console.
The "READ ONLY" message occurs when there is an attempt to
write to a diskette or file that has been designated as read only
in a STAT command or has been set to read only by the BDOS. The
operator should reboot CP/N by using the warm start procedure
(ctl-C) or by performing a cold start whenever the diskettes are
changed. If a diskette is to read but not written, BDOS allows
the diskette to be changed without the warm or cold start, but
internally marks the drive as read only. The status of the drive
is subsequently changed to read/write if a warm or cold start
occurs. On issuing the message, CP/M waits for input from the
console. An automatic warm start takes place following any input.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
The keyboard and video drivers are located in the alternate
32K of memory. Each call to BIOS for console input or output will
bank switch these drivers in. The 80X16 screen format addresses
the first 64 characters of the line through the character
generator, The last 16 are addressed through the video character
RAM tables located in the alternate memory bank. The 80X24 screen
format uses the video RAM tables for all character generation.
This method of addressing is the reason for the differences in
speed between the two formats. The user can address the screen
34
area 64X16 directly by writing to locations FC00H to FF00H. A
complete description cf the GNW screen addressing methods can be
found in the LNW reference manuals.
Caps Lock
The ctl-f2 keys toggle the caps-lock function. This function
translates lower case to upper case on the alphabetic keys in the
unshifted mode.
Cursor
The cursor is blinked each time the call to CBIOS const, or
conin is made. If the cursor is blinking then the keyboard is
being queried.
The cursor can be changed from the underline character to a
block character at any time by the keys ctl-0. The ctl-0 will
toggle between the two cursors.
VIDEO DRIVER
The video driver closely emulates a Lear Siegler ADM-3A
terminal. This allows the user to install some complex software
that asks for terminal type.
The cursor is controlled by a string of four bytes in the
1B escape hex 1BH
3D equal hex 3DH
20+ 20H + Line number
20+ 20H + Column number
for example, if line 15, character position (column) 73 were to
be addressed then the string would be
15 dec = 0F hex + 20 hex = 2F hex
73 dec = 49 hex + 20 hex = 69 hex
or
1B 3D 2F 69
Two functions that can be used by some programs that speed
up operations are; Insert line and delete line. These functions
can be accessed by the escape code sequence
1B 3D 00 08 = delete the line that the cursor is on
and move remaining lines up one.
1B 3D 00 09 = insert line at the cursor position and
move lines down one.
The following single byte commands will cause the specific
35
functions listed
0EH = turns cursor on.
0FH = turns cursor off,
14H = toggles the underline / block cursor.
1AH = clears the screen and homes cursor.
1EH = clears the line the cursor is on.
1FH = clears from the cursor to the end of the
screen.
The large screen (80X24) will allow hi lighting. If bit 7 of
the character to be displayed is set then it will be displayed in
reverse video. This is ignored with the 80X16 screen.
The LNW has two speeds of operation, 1.77 MHz and 4 MHz. The
LNW CP/M system with 5 " drives will operate at either speed.
However, with 8" drives you NUST use the high speed (4 MHz).
INTERRUPTS
The LNW-CPM distribution diskette is set for interrupts
disabled. The user can enable interrupts by changing the
interrupt flag (byte EF49H) to zero (0). This byte is used in
conjunction with the EI and DI instructions (set byte to 0 with
EI and to non 0 with DI).
The system boots in interrupt mode 1. The user is
responsible for the routine at location 38H if using interrupts.
A warm boot or cold start will return the interrupts to the
disabled state.
WARNING: Although the LNW-CPM system will operate with interrupts
enabled, some software will not. The user should beware
running in the enabled state except with tested software.
36
APPENDIX A
Distribution diskette files:
MOVCPM.COM
STAT.COM
LNW.COM
S80X24.COM
S8OX16.COM
PIP.COM
DDT6.COM
SUBMIT.COM
XSUB.COM
FMT.COM
SET.COM
ED.COM
ASM.COM
LOAD.COM
DUMP.COM
CPMDVR.O16
CPMDVR.O24
DUMP.ASM
37
APPENDIX B
Permanent screen size change.
The following programs have to be on the disk in drive A:
CPMDVR.016 for 80X16 screen format
CPMDVR.024 for 80X24 screen format
FMT.COM
DDT6.COM
Follow the sequence below.
1. fmt get
select the target system
2. ddt6
icpmdvr.o24
r7000
gO
3. fmt put
select the target drive
The diskette now has the 80X24 screen format permanently
installed.
NOTE- The lnw program can still be used to switch between the two
formats.
38
APPENDIX C
Console keyboard assignments.
The keyboard and video drivers are located in the alternate
bank of memory, and can be easily altered using the FMT GET and
FMT PUT commands. The following will liat the key assignment
locations, and their present assignments. A sample run-through
will give an example of changing the arrow keys for the WORD STAR
word processing program (Copyright MicroPro International).
KEY UNSHFT LOC ASN SHFT LOC ASN CTL LOC ASN
------ ---------- --- -------- --- ------- ---
(f1) 733BH 5BH 733CH 7BH 733Dh 7CH
(f2) 733EH 5DH 733FH 7DH 7340H FFH
(=) 7341H 2DH 7342H 5FH 7343H 1FH
(CR) 7344H 0DH 734CH 0DH 7354H 0DH
(clr) 7345H 15H 734DH 15H 7355H 15H
(brk) 7346H 7FH 734EH 7FH 7356H 1BH
(↑) 7347H 0AH 734FH 0AH 7357H 5BH
(↓) 7348H 0CH 7350H 0CH 7358H 5CH
(←) 7349H 0BH 7351H 08H 7359H 5DH
(→) 734AH 09H 7352H 09H 735AH 5EH
(spc) 734BH 20H 7353H 20H 735BH 20H
The following key's ctl function can be altered.
KEY CTL LOC ASM KEY CTL LOC ASN
--- ------- --- --- ------- ---
(0) 735CH 9CH (8) 7364H 5BH
(1) 735DH 7AH (9) 7365H 9AH
(2) 735EH 7EH (:) 7366H 1AH
(3) 735FH 1DH (;) 7367H 1BH
(4) 7360H 1EH (,) 7368H 1CH
(5) 7361H 1FH (=) 7369H 1DH
(6) 7362H 7BH (.) 736AH 1EH
(7) 7363H 7DH (/) 736BH 5FH
39
The following example will change the arrow keys to the
same function as the cursor movement keys in the Word Star word
processing program.
l. fmt get
select target system
2. ddt6
s734 f
734F 0a 5
7350 0C 18
7351 08 13
7352 09 4
7353 20 .
s7357
7357 5B 12
7358 5C 3
7359 5D 1
735A 5E 6
735B 20 .
go
3. fmt put
select target drive
The arrow keys will now operate as follows:
(shift ←) = ctl-s (shift → ) = ctl-d
(shift ↑) = ctl-e (shift ↓ ) = ctl-x
(ctl ←) = ctl-a (ctl → ) = ctl-f
(ctl ↑) = ctl-r (ctl ↓ ) = ctl-c
40
APPENDIX D
Printer driver routines
The location of the printer driver can be ootained from the cbios jump table at location EE0FH.
Serial driver:
18 00 list: jr $+2 ;will be jr listll after
;after UART init.
D3 E8 out (pporta),a ;out with anything
DB E9 in a,(pportb) ;get LNW sense switchs
E6 F8 and 0f8h ;lop off lower 3 bits
F6 04 or 4 ;resets rts, dtr
D3 EA out (pportc),a ;send to UDRT
3E 0F 1d a,0FH ;dis to listll
32 xx xx 1d (list+1),a ;make jr change at list
DB E8 listll: in a, (pporta) ;chk handshaking
CB 77 bit 6,a ;is it ok
20 FA jr nz,listll ;loop back if not
DB EA in a,(pportc) ;chk next bit
CB 77 bit 6,a ;is it ok
28 F4 jr z,listll ;go back if not
79 ld a,c ;get char
-----------------------------------------------------------------
AUTOLF:
D3 EB out (pportd),a ;send i t au t
FE 0D cp 0dh ;was it a CR
C0 ret nz ;rtn if not
0E 0A ld c,0ah ;get LF
18 EA jr listll ;go send it
NORLF
D3 EB out (pportd),a ;send it out
C9 ret ;return
NOLF:
FE 0A cp 0ah ;is it LF
20 07 jr nz,nolf1 ;go if not
3A 44 EF ld a,(prtbyt) ;get last byte sent
FE 0D cp 0dh ;was it a CR
28 03 jr z,nolf2 ;go if it was
79 ld a,c ;get byte to send back
D3 EB naif 1: out (pportd),a ;send it
32 44 EF nolf2: ld (prtbyt),a ;save the byte
C9 ret
41
Parallel driver:
3A E8 F7 list: 1d a,(prtsta) ;check for printer busy
E6 F0 and 0F0h ;lop lower 4 bits
FE 30 cp 30h ;is it ok
20 F7 jr nz,list ;go back if not
79 1d a,c ;get char
AUTOLF:
32 E8 F7 1d (prtsta),a ;send it out
FE 0D cp 0dh ;was it CR
C0 ret nz ;rtn if not
0E 0A id c,0ah ;get LF
18 EC jr list ;go send it
NORLF:
32 E8 F7 id (prtsta),a ;send it out
C9 ret ;return
NOLF:
FE 0A cp 0ah ;is it a lf
28 08 jr nz,nolf1 ;go if not
3A 44 EF ld a,(prtbyt) ;get last byte sent
FE 0D cp 0dh ;was it a CR
18 04 jr z,nolf2 ;go if so
79 ld a,a ;get byte to send back
32 E8 F7 nolf1: ld (prtsta),a ;send it out
32 44 EF nolf2: ld (prtbyt),a ;save the byte
C9 ret
The Custom driver is all zero's on the distribution
diskette. The user can install a driver in this location by
following the procedure listed below.
1. The custom driver can be no longer than 47 bytes.
2. ddt6 1nw.com
a. Load the custom driver, starting at location 104h.
b. This can be done with the S function of ddt6, or if
it has been loaded at another location then it can
be moved with the M function. Warning: Make sure the
driver is no longer then 47 bytes.
c. go ;return to command level
3. save 15 lnw.com
4. The driver can now be loaded by using the LNW program.
42
APPENDIX E
Example using the FNW utility program.
The example will assume the following hardware system:
2 - 5" 40 trk S/Sided drives, step rate 20 ms
1 - 8" 77 trk D/Sided drive, step rate 3 ms
a Serial printer
Enter LNW (all instructions will show user input as < >.)
Appropriate menus will be assumed.
1- <A> =to set step rate drive A (main menu)
<C> =select menu item to change step rate
(menu A)
<2> =20 ms for 5" drives (step menu)
2- <B> =to set step rate drive B (main menu)
<C> =select change step rate (menu A)
<2> =20 ms (step menu)
<B> =to set parameters (main menu)
<1> =5" 40 trk S/Side D/Den drive (menu A)
3- <C> =to set step rate drive C (main menu)
<C> =select change step rate (menu A)
<0> =3 ms for 8" drive (step menu)
4- <1> =change number of drives (main menu)
<3> =number of drives (# drv menu)
5- <S> =serial printer (main menu)
Check over your changes. If satisfied then exit the LNW
program without making permanent changes. This will allow the
user to check the system, If a fatal error has occurred, a cold
start will remove the changes just made.
6- <X> =exit system (main menu}
<N> =not to be permanent
If satisfied with the changes, then re-enter the LNW program
and make the changes permanent (if desired).
1- LNW
Toggle the printer to set change flag within system.
2- <p> <5>
3- <X> =exit system
<Y> =make changes permanent
The screen size cannot be made permanent with the LNW.
43
APPENDIX F
Disk I/O buffer size.
The LNW-CPM host buffer allows for a maximum of 512 bytes
per sector. A larger foreign system can be read by modifying the
location of the host buffer. This is done by moving the buffer
down to a lower memory location. Care has to be taken, as this
memory is not protected, and other programs may overwrite it. The
buffer is presently located at FA00H.
Example: Set up for 1024 byte per sector.
Enter DDT6
Using ddt6, search the area of F242H for the bytes
11 00 FA
bottom of CCP = D800H therefore D800H - 1024 = D400H so change
to
11 00 D4
search the area of F2F5H for the bytes
01 00 FA
change to
01 00 D4
When completed with operation using the larger buffer,
change back to original for normal operation. A cold start will
accomplish this.
44
APPENDIX G
CBIOS Jump Vectors
The CBIOS jump vectors for the LNW CP/M system are listed
below:
EE00H jp boot ;cold start entry
EE03H jp wboot ;warm boot entry
EE06H jp const ;console status check
EE09H jp conin ;console char input
EE0CH jp conout ;console char output
EE0FH jp list ;printer output
EE12H jp punch ;not used has a rtn
EE15H jp reader ;not used rtns 1AH
EE18H jp home ;head to trk 0
EE1BH jp seldsk ;select disk
EE1EH jp settrk ;set track 0
EE21H jp setsec ;set sector 4
EE24H jp setdma ;set dma address
EE27H jp read ;read sector
EE2AH jp write ;write sector
EE2DH jp listst ;not used rtn 0
EE30H jp sctran ;sector translate
These locations are fixed locations within the CBIOS and can
always be used to determine routine locations.
45
APPENDIX H
INSTALLING WORDSTAR
This example of installing Wordstar is not the only or
necessarily the optimum. It is given as an example of using the
install program with the LNW-CP/M system.
1. Terminal ADM-3A (A)
2. Printer Your printer probably (A) or (C)
3. Comm Protocol None (N)
4. Driver CP/M List device (L)
5. Are mods complete? no
HITE: =10 ;for 16 lines
=18 ;for 24 lines
WID: =50 ;for 80 column
ERAEOL: =01 ;erase to end of line
ERAEOL:+1 =1E
LINDEL: =04 ;delete line
LINDEL:+1 =1B
LINDEL:+2 =3D
LINDEL:+3 =00
LINDEL:+4 =08
LININS: =04 ;insert line
LININS:+1 =1B
LININS:+2 =3D
LININS:+3 =00
LININS:+4 =09
TRMINI: =01 ;clear screen at beginning of
TRMINI:+1 =1A ;Word Star session
TRMUNI: =01 ;clear screen when exiting WS
TRMUNI:+1 =1A
HIBIV: =FF ;for 80X24 screen Hilite
HIBIV: =00 ;for 80X16 screen NO Hilite
46
This routine will speed up the initialization of Word Star.
UCRPOS: =C3 ;note UCRPOS address for later
UCRPOS:+1 =E0 ;use. Present version is 0264H
UCRPOS:+2 =02
The address at UCRPOS:+1 is the address of MORPAT:. In this
version it is 02E0h. If yours is different then change UCRPOS+1,
+2 accordingly.
MORPAT: =3E
MORPAT:+1 =02
MORPAT:+2 =3D
MORPAT:+3 =32
MORPAT:+4 =E1* ;address is MORPAT:+1
MORPAT:+5 =02* ;check your version
NORPAT:+6 =C0
MORPAT:+7 =32
MORPAT:+8 =64* ;address is UCRPOS:
MORPAT:+9 =02*
MORPAT:+10 =32
MORPAT:+11 =65* ;address is UCRPOS:+1
MORPAT:+12 =02*
MORPAT:+13 =3E
MORPAT:+14 =C9
MORPAT:+15 =32
MORPAT:+16 =66* ;address is UCRPOS:+2
MORPAT:+17 =02*
MORPAT:+18 =C9
The listing of the above routine is
MORPAT: ld a,2 ;we want to ignore
dec a ;the first two cursor
ld (MORPAT+1),a ;positioning calls
ret nz
ld (UCRPOS),a ;now restore UCRPOS
ld (UCRPOS+1),a ;to org 00 00 C9.
ld (UCRPOS+2),a
ret
47
APPENDIX I
Memory Map of the LNW-CPM System after using the FMT GET command.
The FMT-GET will relocate the system to location 70008.
6FFFH Byte passes information between the
FMT GET and the FIT PUT programs.
7000H Boot loader
7100H Sign-On Message
7200H Driver information (Do not alter)
7300H Keyboard and video drivers
7E00H LNW-CPM System
7E00H is the base of the CCP. Its normal location is D800H.
48
NEW CP/M 2.2
BDOS FUNCTIONS
********************************************
* FUNCTION 37: RESET DRIVE *
********************************************
* Entry Farameters: *
* Register C: 25H *
* Register DE: Drive Vector *
* *
* Returned Value : *
* Register A: 00H *
********************************************
The RESET DRIVE function allows resitting of specified
drive(s). The passed parameter is a 16 bit vector of drives
to be reset, the least significant bit is drive A.
In order to maintain compatability with MP/M, CP/M
returns a zero value.
********************************************
* FUNCTION 40: WRITE RANDOM WITH ZERO FILL *
********************************************
* Entry Parameters: *
* Register C: 28H *
* Register DE: FCB Address *
* Returned Value : *
* Register A: Return Code *
********************************************
The WRITE RANDOM WITH ZERO FILL operation is similar
to FUNCTION 34: with the exception that a previously
unallocated block is filled with zeros before the data is
written.
49