LNW80 Microcomputer Operations Manual

SECTION 13: LNW80 DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS

General

   The LNW80 base unit measures 16.5"W x 3.5"H x 22"D and
weighs  26  lbs.  The  base  unit  contains  the  CPU, Memory,
Keyboard, Video and peripheral controllers, power  supply  and
cooling  fan.  All  peripherals and accessories connect to the
LNW80 via connectors on the rear panel. The optional color  or
monochrome  monitor  fits  easily  on the large surface of the
LNW80 .

   The LNW80 is available in TWO different models:
    #105000 LNW80 120 VAC 60Hz
            NTSC VIDEO (525 LINES USA/JAPAN)

    #105001 LNW80 as listed above with optional RGB
            interface installed.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Processor:        Z80A
Features:         158 instructions (with all 78 of the 8080
                  CPU instructions)
Clock Speed:      4MHz
ROM Wait States:  1 (250ns)
RAM Wait States:  NONE

MEMORY

User RAM:         48K Bytes
Graphics RAM:     16K X 6 Bits
Video RAM:	  1K Bytes
ROM:	          12K Bytes MICROSOFT BASIC-80 (Level 2
                  compatible)

KEYBOARD

73  KEY  expanded  professional  typewriter   style   keyboard
including:

            1. 11 key numeric pad
            2. Control key
            3. Shift lock and caps lock keys
            4. Localized cursor control keys (arrows)
            5. Cassette speed switch (500/1000 baud)
            6. Underline key
            7. Contains all the TRS-80 Model I keys plus more

   The keyboard also includes two RESET (RST) Keys which, when
depressed together, cause a system master reset.


MICROSOFT BASIC-80 Interpreter 

BASIC Functions:

             ABS          ASC         ATN
             CDBL         CHRIS       CINT
             COS          CSGN        ERL
             ERR	  EXP         FIX
             FRE          FRE($)      INKEY$
             INP          INT         LEFTY
             LEN          LOG         MEN
             MID$	  PEEK	      POINT
             POS          RIGHT$      RND
             FGN          SIN         SQR
             STR$	  STRING$     TAN
             USR          VAL         VARPTR

BASIC Statements:

             AUTO 	  CLEAR       CLOAD
             CLOAD?	  CLS         CONT
             CSAVE	  DATA        DEFDBL
             DEFINT       DEFSGN      DEFSTR
             DELETE       DIM         EDIT
             END          ERROR       FOR..TO..STEP/NEXT
             GOSUB        GOTO        IF...THEN...ELSE
             INPUT	  LET         LIST
             LLIST	  LPRINT      LPRINTTAB
             LPRINTUSING  NEW         ONERROR GOTO
             ON..GOSUB    ON..GOTO    OUT
             POKE         PRINT	      PRINT0
             PRINTS       PRINTTAB    PRINTUSING
             RANDOM       READ        REM
             RESET	  RESTORE     RESUME
             RETURN       RUN         SET
             STOP         SYSTEM      TROFF
             TRON

OTHER FEATURES

       Auto Line Numbering
       Full Editing Features
       Keyboard Rollover
       16 Digits Accuracy
       Unlimit Array Dimensions
       255 Character String Length
       Upward Compatible with Disk BASIC
       100% TRS80 Model I Level 2 Compatible


VIDEO DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS 
Text Modes:

           l. 64 Characters per line, 16 lines.
           2. 32 Characters per line, 16 lines.

   Each  character  is  a  5x8 matrix in a 6xl2 rectangle. The
hardware character generator supports  both  upper  and  lower
case  (with  descenders)  for  a  total  of  96 characters and
symbols.


Graphics Display Modes

       Table 13.1 - Graphics display mode details


GRAPHICS MODES GRAPHICS RESOLUTION TEXT MODE 1 TEXT MODE 2 COMMENTS
"0" LOW RES 128X48 64X48 +TEXT 1" HIGH RES BSM 128X48+ 64X48 +TEXT 480X192 240X192 +TEXT "2" LOW RES COLOR 12SX192 (8) 64X192(8) +TEXT NOTEl "3" HI RES COLOR 48SX192 pixels 240X192 pixels color defined by: 128X16 (8) 64X16 (8)
NOTEl: If text is displayed in text mode l and graphics mode 2 then the display will exceed the bandwidth of NTSC video. An RGB monitor will display this mode accurately, however. Software Character Generation Besides using the capabilities of mode 1 and mode 3 for graphics alone, these modes can be used to extend the TEXT DISPLAY modes. With the special character generation software supplied with the LNW80, the following additional text modes are usable both at the operating system level and from BASICS STANDARD TEXT MODE GRAPHICS TEXT NODE l. 64 characters, 16 lines 80 characters, 16 lines OR 88 characters, 24 lines 2. 32 characters, 16 lines 40 characters, 16 lines OR 40 characters, 24 lines In this software, each character is a 5x8 matrix in a 6xl2 rectangle (16 lines) or a 5x8 matrix in a 6x8 rectangle (24 lines). VIDEO DISPLAY OUTPUTS Table 13.2 - Video display output specifications Standard:
OUTPUT SPECIFICATIONS
1 . B&W VIDEO IMPEDANCE: 75 OHM SIGNAL : 1.8V p-p (+/-.25V) SYNC : NEGATIVE 2. LOW RES COLOR OUTPUT IMPEDANCE: 75 OHM SIGNAL : 1.5V p-p (+/-.35V) SYNC : NEGATIVE CHROMA : 3.579 MHz (NTSC)
Optional
OUTPUT SPECIFICATIONS
3. HIGH RES COLOR IMPEDANCE: 330 OHM (RGB) SIGNAL : TTL OPEN COLLECTOR SIGNAL POLARITY RED, GREEN, BLUE POSITIVE HORIZONTAL SYNC POSITIVE VERTICAL SYNC POSITIVE
The following chart defines the display content of the three display outputs under the four display modes. DISPLAY MODE # B&W VIDEO LOW RES COLOR HIGH RES COLOR MODE 0 X X X MODE 1 X X X NODE 2 X X MODE 3 X Recommended Monitor Types The following chart details the recommended video peripherals which can be connected to the LNW80. Table 13.3 - Video Peripheral Types
OUTPUT DEVICE COMMENTS
B&W VIDEO l. MONOCHROME MONITOR >10MHz bandwidth 2 VIDEO COLOR MONITOR 32 & 40 CHARS/LINE ONLY 3. TELEVISION SET 32 & 40 CHARS/LINE ONLY With user supplied RF modulator LOWRES COLOR 1. VIDEO COLOR MONITOR 32 6 40 CHARS/LINE TEXT 128X192 COLOR OK,NO TEXT 2. COLOR TELEVISION 32 & 40 CHARS/LINE TEXT With user supplied 128X192 LIMITED CLARITY RF modulator 3. MONOCHROME MONITOR USE ON B&W VIDEO OUTPUT RGB COLOR 1. LOW RES RGB MONITOR GOOD CLARITY IN LOW RES <320 lines horiz. FAIR CLARITY IN HIGH RES resolution 2. MEDIUM RES RGB EXCELLENT DISPLAY IN ALL MONITOR DISPLAY MODES
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE INTERFACE Drive Types: 5-1/4" and 8" SHUGART compatible Number of Drives: 4 Single-sided or 3 dual-sided drives Interface: 34 Contact 5-1/4" floppy drive compatible Optional 34 to 50 conductor cable adaptor required to connect 8" disk drives. Drive Density: Single or Double Data Separation: Analog Phase Locked Loop Maximum Storage: 3,550,000 Bytes on 3 dual-sided 8" drives Other Features 5-1/4" and 8" drives in any mix. Single and double-density in any mix. 35, 40, 77, 80 track drive support 5-1/4" or 8" system disk (drive 0). Precision Write Precompensation. Double-Density Storage Capacity: Five Inch Drives (formatted storage per drive). 161,280 bytes -35 track ss 322,560 bytes -35 track ds 184,320 bytes -40 track ss 368,640 bytes -40 track ds 368,640 bytes -80 track ss 737,280 bytes -80 track ds Eight Inch Drives (formatted storage per drive). 591,360 bytes -77 track ss 1,182,720 bytes -77 track ds PRINTER INTERFACE Type: Industry Standard Centronics 8-bit parallel 100% TRS-80 compatible NOTE: The RS232C serial communication interface can be configured for operation with printers which require a serial RS232 port. Routing the printer output from most application software requires that a program (listing supplied in the LNW80 computer documentation) be resident (usually high memory) in memory. Software which uses its own printer driver software may not function with this arrangement. CASSETTE INTERFACE Format: Amplitude Nodulated. TRS-80 Model I and III (500 baud only) compatible. Data Rate: Baud Rate CPU Speed 500 1.77MHz 1000 4.00MHz Recorder Type: Inexpensive Battery or Line-Powered Portable. RS232-C ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE Type: Full Duplex. Handshaking: Fully supported under software control. Baud Rates: Switch selectable at the following rates: 110, 155, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 Parity: Even, odd, or disabled (sofware selectable) Word Length: 5, 6, 7, 8 BITS (software selectable). Stop Bits: 1, 1.5, 2 (software selectable), Connector: FEMALE DB25, mounted on the rear panel. Config: Factory configured to connect to Data Communication Equipment (DCE, e.g., modems). Proper cable wiring will allow connection of Data Terminal Equipment (DTE, e.g., serial printers and other LNW80 computers). TERMINAL EMULATION CAPABILTY A large amount of dumb and intelligent terminal software is available to run on the LNW80. A listing of a dumb terminal program is supplied in the LNW80 documentation. EXPANSION PORT This 40-pin CPU bus has all the ADDRESS, DATA, and control lines to expand the capabilities of the LNW80. This bus is electrically equivalent to the SCREEN PRINTER" bus on the TRS-80 Model I. Here are just some of the products which connect to the EXPANSION BUS and are available from independent hardware suppliers: * Exatron Stringy Floppy * Eprom add-on memory/ programmers * Corvus Hard Disk/ Constellation * TCHRON-Battery-powered clock calender * Data aquisition equipment * Industrial controllers * Speech synthesizers * Voice recognition equipment * Orchestra85-stereo,multi-voice,music synthesizer PLUS ANY ACCESSORY designed to connect to the TRS-80 Model I screen printer port. REAL TIME CLOCK Type: Interrupt "heartbeat" type Frequency: 40 HZ NOTE: The real time clock feature is not available on the cassette only systems without one of the following programs: 1. Microsoft Level 3 BASIC 2. Radio Shack Real Time Clock Cassette program WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO CHANGE SPECIFICATIONS WITHOUT NOTICE LNWBASIC (C) MODULAR SOFTWARE ASSOCIATES AN ADVANCED DISK BASIC FOR THE LNW80 Specifications LNWBASIC provides an EXTENSION to the DISK BASIC in DOSPLUS, NEWDOS80 2.0, or TRS-DOS 2.3 to add high resolution graphics, color, special keyboard functions, sound, RS232 communications and advanced programming commands. LNWBASIC features a CREATOR which allows the user to select from the more than 40 new commands to make a custom-tailored BASIC interpreter. Syntactically similar to the R/S Color Computer Extended Color Basic, LNWBASIC offers such commands as DRAW, LINE, COLOR, CIRCLE, MODE and SOUND. The following is a brief list of the commands: BLINK - Switch blinking cursor on/off CALL - Execute a machine-language subroutine CIRCLE - Draw circle with parameters COLOR - Set color for mode 2 graphics (color) CONV - Convert input to hex, decimal, or ASCII DEFKEY - Modify 10 user-definable keys DISKEY - Display the current set of defined keys DLOAD - Load an object code file from disk DO/UNTIL - Do/Until construct DRAW - Draw lines with Turtle Graphics, rotation and scale parameters DRUN - Exit LNWBASIC and execute disk object program EXIT - Exit LNWBASIC to DOS FLS - Fill the text screen with ASCII character GSUB - GOSUB or
 Drive 
 Pins Pulled 
 Drive Select Line 
 0
 12, 14, 32
 10
 1
 10, 14, 32
 12
 2
 10, 12, 32
 14
 3
 10, 12, 14
 32
   Tandy  sells  the  FIRST  drive  with  the  cable  and  the
termination installed. The second, third and fourth drives  do
not  have the termination installed. They sell the first drive
as a  different  part  from  the  rest.  The  following  chart
illustrates  the  drive  select  lines  on  the  cable and the
drive:


      Table B.l - Drive Select Lines on Cable 6 Drive
                  (* = Early Generation Drives
                  ** = Later Generation Drives)
 Disk 
Drive
 Drive 
Select
 Disk Drive 
Pinout
 Interface 
Pinout
 0
 DS1
 10
 10
 1
 DS2
 12
 12
 2
 DS3
 14
 14
 3 *
 N/A
 N/A
 32
 3 **
 DS4
 6
 N/A
   If  it  is  so  simple,  why  are  we spending so much time
talking about it? Because before too long,  Tandy  wasn't  the
only  company  selling disk drives for the Model I. There were
VISTA, MTI, PERCOM, AEROCOMP and many others  trying  to  sell
drives  a  little  less expensive. These firms do not actually
build the disk  drive  mechanism  and  electronics  themselves
(neither did Tandy at the time). They simply purchase the disk
drive from manufacturers such as TANDON, MPI,  SHUGART,  TEAC,
QUME,  PERTEC  and  others and supply the disk drive installed
with a power supply in  a  metal  enclosure.  This  made  life
difficult   since   these   firms   supplied  little,  if  any
documentation, to assist the first-time computer  owner.  This
mail-order  business  grew  rapidly  since  the  lower  prices
attracted many.

   The  powerpack  on  the  back  of  the Radio Shack supplied
TRS-80 disk drive allowed the case to be designed to allow the
cable  to  be  connected from outside the drive. When the user
adds a new drive to his system, he simply plugs the cable into
the  rear  of  the  drive.  The  other manufacturers, in their
effort to save a few dollars, have designed drive  cases  with
the  power supply inside the case, thus making it too deep for
the disk drive's edge card to be accessible from  the  outside
of  the  drive.  So what happens next? Extender cables must be
used to allow the edge card to be extended to the rear of  the
case,  making  it accessible without opening the drive's case.
Are our problems now solved? No, they just began...

Double-Sided Disk Drives: Two Heads Are Better than One

   Double-sided disk drives meant another problem for the disk
drive  business.  Pin  32 of the Radio Shack interface and the
LNW SYSTEM EXPANSION was used for the fourth drive select, and
the  disk drive manufacturers (of these new dual-sided drives)
used that pin for the side select control. This did mean  that
through a bit of luck double-sided disk drives could be easily
configured for operation by using the fourth drive  select  as


the side select. But it did not happen that easily.

   When double-sided  drives  were  introduced,  no  operating
system  would  support  double-sided operation. The disk drive
manufacturers did not modify the drives when they  sold  them,
but  instead  provided  difficult instructions for the user to
modify the drive himself, This  modification  used  the  drive
selects  to  select a different side of the same drive. It was
messy, very difficult to do, and  it  never  caught  on.  When
double-sided  operation  was finally accepted by the operating
system companies (NEWDOS80 and DOSPLUS) there were differences
in  opinion on how it would be implemented. Dosplus 3.3 treats
each side of a double-sided disk as a separate volume with its
own  directory,  On  Dosplus  3.4,  this  would be changed and
double-sided operation would allow each dual-sided diskette to
represent  one  volume  with only one directory. Newdos80 V2.0
and LDOS 5.0 and 5.1 have a similar structure.

Double-Density Catches On

   Double-density operation became  popular  with  the  PERCOM
DOUBLER. LNW Research released the LNDoubler soon after. After
that, a wide variety of  doublers  appeared.  Even  Tandy  has
introduced  a  doubler.  Eight-inch drives became popular with
the OMIKRON CP/M adaptor and eight-inch  adaptor  board.  When
the  LNDoubler  5/8  was  announced,  eight-inch  support  for
double-density had  already  been  developed  by  Microsystems
(DOSPLUS   3.4)   and   by   Apparat   (NEWDOS80  VERSION  2).
Double-density also provided its own problems.  Shugart  SA400
drives  (early  Tandy drives) would only access 35 tracks, and
the  drive  heads  did  not  have  adequate   resolution   for
double-density  operation.  The  OLD  Shugart SA800,801 8-inch
disk drives (newer 800, 801's work  perfectly)  also  did  not
have  the  resolution  for double-density operation. The newer
Shugart drives,  and  almost  all  other  drives,  can  handle
double-density operation with no problem.

   Number of tracks, head-stepping rate, and  bead-load  delay
have   also  been  drive  parameters  that  have  caused  some
interfacing  problems  between  operating  systems  and   disk
drives.  Drives  should be configured such that when the motor
comes on, the heads load regardless of the  drive  select.  Be
sure  to  set  the  stepping rate (programmable in DOSPLUS and
NEWDOS80) to the appropriate setting. These operating  systems
are  initially set at 40ms (milliseconds) and should work with
any disk drive as initially configured.

Configuring 5-1/4 Inch Drives

   The  pulled-pin  cable  will  work  adequately  with   four
single-sided drives, but fails to function with the dual-sided
drives, since pin 32 (side select) is only  available  to  the
last  drive on the cable. A pulled-pin cable may be "fixed" by


removing the keys in  the  cable-connectors  (small  piece  of
plastic  that  prevents  the  connector  from being plugged in
backwards) and turning the cable around. The pulled pins  will
then  become  unused  ground  lines, and all the drive selects
will be available on  each  connector.  This  means  that  the
drives  themselves  must  be  designed to accomodate the drive
selection on the drive and not on the cable. Older drives  did
not   have  four  drive-select  positions,  but  this  is  not
important since we are using up to 3 dual-sided drives.

   Table B.2 shows the pin specifications for the 34-pin drive
bus.
 Pin # 
 Description 
  2
  4
  6
  8
 10
 12
 14
 16
 18
 20
 22
 24
 26
 28
 30
 32
 34 
 Not Used
 Not Used
 Not Used
 Index
 Drive Select 1
 Drive Select 2
 Drive Select 3
 Motor On
 Direction Select
 Step
 Write Data
 Write Gate
 Track 0
 Write Protect (Active Low)
 Read Data
 Side Select (Dual Sided Drives)
 Not Used
   The following describes the  configuration  shunt  settings
for  the  most  popular  minifloppy  disk drives. Double-sided
drives already use pin 32 for the side select.

MPI Disk Drives
   This description follows for these models only:

             51, 52, 91 and 92

Shunt    Description           No Pins Pulled    Pins Pulled

1     Head load on select    Open
2     Drive select 1         On if drive 0       On
3     Drive select 2         On if drive 1       On
4     Drive select 3         On if drive 2       On
5     Mux                    Open                Open
6     Drive select 4         On if drive 3	On


   Note:  If  drive  4 is selected, a jumper must be installed
between pin 32 and pin 6 of the edge  card.  For  double-sided
operation, do not use more than three drives total.

Tandon Disk Drives
       Models TM100-1,TM100-2,TM100-3 and TM100-4

Shunt Pins at 1E

Shunt   Description            Correct Setting

1     Head load on select    Open
2     Drive select 1         On if drive 0
3     Drive select 2         On if drive 1
4     Drive select 3         On if drive 2
5     Drive select 4	On if drive 3
6     MUX                    Open
7     Not used
8     HM	On

   Note: If drive 4 is selected, a jumper  must  be  installed
between  pin  32  and pin 6 of the edge card. For double-sided
operation, do not use more than three drives total.

Siemens/Wangco Model 82

Shunt   Description            Correct Setting

1     Head load on select    Open
2     Drive select 1         On if drive 0
3     Drive select 2         On if drive 1
4     Drive select 3         On if drive 2
5     Mux                    Open
6     Not used
7     Head load, motor on    On

   Note: If configuring  for  drive  number  4,  a  wire  must
connected  between pin 32 of the edge card and pin 1 of IC 1D.
All the rest of the drive selects should be off.

Teac Model FD50 Series

Switch   Description          No Pins Pulled    Pins Pulled

HS    Head load on select    Open
DSO   Drive select 0         On if drive 0       On
DSl   Drive select 1         On if drive 1	On


DS2   Drive select 2         On if drive 2       On
MX    MUX                    Open                Open
DS3   Drive select 3         On if drive 3       On
HM    Head load on motor     On                  On

   Note: If configuring for drive number 4, a jumper  must  be
installed  between  pin  32  and  pin  6 of the edge card. For
double-sided operation, do not  use  more  than  three  drives
total.

Other 5-1/4 Inch Drives

   If  you have a drive that is not listed above, refer to the
user manual for that disk drive. Most drives  are  similar  to
one of the above types.

Eight-inch Drives

   Eight-inch disk drives have a 50-pin edge card to interface
to a 50-pin cable instead of the  34-pin  cable  used  on  the
5-1/4"  drives.  It  is  then  necessary  to  use some type of
cable-adaptor between a 34-pin cable connected to the rear  of
the  LNW80  and  a  50-pin disk drive cable for the 8" drives.
This  34-to-50  pin  cable-adaptor  is  available  from   your
computer  retailer  under the LNW part number 1096, and it has
two gold contact edge cards which mate the  34-pin  cable  and
the  50-pin  cable.  The  34-pin  cable  must  not  be  of the
pulled-pin type since missing pins will not allow drive select
lines  to pass to the 8" drive 50-pin cable. Here is a drawing
to illustrate a typical multidrive setup with both 5-1/4"  and
8"  disk  drives. Note that an 8" disk drive may be the system
disk (drive select 0) if the 5/8 SWITCH inside  the  LNW80  is
positioned  to  the  8"  side. (See Figure 5.4 - 5/8 switch in
action).

Configuring 8-inch Drives

   The LNW80 is designed to  interface  with  8"  disk  drives
without  the drives themselves requiring modification. As with
5-1/4" disk drives, drive select shunts  or  switches  on  the
drives  themselves,  as  well as termination resistors must be
properly configured. Note that termination resistor packs  are
still  only  required  on  one  of the disk drives. A properly
configured disk drive  and  cable  requires  only  the  simple
connection between the 34-pin cable, the cable-adaptor and the
50-pin 8" drive cable,  Proper configuration  for  drives  and
cables  should  be  provided  by  your computer dealer. In the
event  that  the  computer  retailer   cannot   provide   this
configuration  or  you  have  drives  that  are not configured
properly or there is some aspect of the configuration that you
do not understand, this section is written for you.


Eight-inch Disk Drive Specifications

   Eight-inch  disk drives are different from five-inch drives
in many ways. As mentioned earlier, the interface between  the
drive   and   the   controller   is  a  50-pin  bus.  The  pin
specifications for the 50-pin bus are given below.

     Table B.3 - Pin Specifications for the 50-pin 8-inch
                 Drive Bus
 Pin # 
 Description 
  2
  4
  6
  8
 10
 12
 14
 16
 18
 20
 22
 24
 26
 28
 30
 32
 34
 36
 38
 40
 42
 44
 46
 48
 50 
 Ground or Lower Write
 Not Used / Reserved
 Not Used
 Not Used
 Two Sided (Not Used)
 Disk Change (Not Used)
 Side Select (Dual-sided drives)
 Activity / In Use
 Head Load (Not Used)
 Index
 Ready (Not Used)
 Not Used
 Drive Select 1
 Drive Select 2
 Drive Select 3
 Drive Select 4
 Direction Select
 Step
 Write Data
 Write Gate
 Track 0
 Write Protect (Active High)
 Read Data
 Not Used
 Not Used 
   Note: In the eight-inch drive manuals, - "NOT USED" may  be
referred to as alternate I/0 or reserved.

   If the drive that  you  would  like  to  use  has  a  cable
interface  that  differs  radically from the above, then it is
possible that you do not have a Shugart-compatible disk drive.
If  that's  the case, then it will not properly interface with
the LNW80. The following drives are the ONLY drives that  have
been  used extensively with the LNW80 computer and the DOSPLUS
3.4 operating systems


Table B.4 - 8 Inch Drives Tested With LNW80 & DOSPLUS 3.4.
 MANUFACTURER 
 MODEL NUMBER 
 SIDES 
 Shugart
 Shugart
 Qume
 Tandon
 Tandon
 SA800/801
 SA850/851
 DATA TRACK 8
 TM848-1
 TM848-2 
 Single
 Dual
 Dual
 Single
 Dual 
   Eight-inch  drives also provide more configuration options.
Luckily, most of the manufacturers have retained  the  Shugart
notation  for  the most part. The proper configuration for the
drives is such that the drives have not been modified  in  any
manner,  and  the jumper (or trace) options are installed just
as the drive is delivered from the factory.

   Some  8-inch  drives  that are sold through many mail-order
disk  drive  firms,  are  specially   configured   for   other
computers,  and  may  not  operate on the LNW80 as configured.
Make sure that the drive that you purchase is configured  just
as it came from the factory OR CONFIGURED SPECIFICALLY FOR THE
LNW80 COMPUTER. The proper configuration for the drives listed
in Table B.5 is detailed below.

Shugart SA800/801:

   There  is  a bit of confusion between the Shugart SA800 and
SA801. The correct drive is the SA800. An SA801 can be  easily
converted  to  an  SA800  by  moving  the shorting plug on the
drive’s PCB from the 801 position to  the  800  position.  The
summary of the correct option settings is listed below:

       Table B.5 - Correct Option Settings for Shugart
                   SA80 0/80 I.
 Trace 
Designator
 Description 
 Correct 
Setting
 T3,T4,T5,T6

 T1
 T2
 DS1

 DS2

 Ds3

 DS4

 RR
 RI
 R,I,S
 HL
 DS

 WP
 NP
 8,16,32
 D
 2,4,6,8,10,
 12,14,16,18
 D1,D2,D4,DDS
 A,B,X
 C
 Z
 Y
 DC 
 Termination for mux inputs
 For last drive on cable
 Termination for drive select
 Spare termination
 Drive select 1 - drive 1
 - others
 Drive select 2 - drive 2
 - others
 Drive select 3 - drive 3
 - others
 Drive select 4 - drive 4
 - others
 Radial ready
 Radial index 6 sector
 Ready, Index, Sector alternate
 Stepper power from head load
 Stepper power from drive
 select
 Enable write protect feature
 Disable write protect
 8,16,32 Sectors (801 only)
 Alternate input-in use
 Nine alternate I/0 pins

 Drive select decode option
 Radial head load
 Alternate input-head load
 In use from drive select
 In use from head load
 Alternate output-disk change 
 Open
 Closed
 Closed
 Open
 Closed
 Open
 Closed
 Open
 Closed
 Open
 Closed
 Open
 Closed
 Closed
 Closed
 Closed
 Open

 Closed
 Open
 Don't care
 Open
 Open

 Open
 Closed
 Open
 Closed
 Open
 Open 


   NOTE:  The  above  options are selected via pins or circuit
trace. CLOSED means that either a Berg pin-shorting-plug or  a
circuit   trace  is  making  continuity.  OPEN  means  that  a
shorting-pin is not  present  or  that  the  circuit  etch  is
broken.  For more information, refer to the SA800/801 diskette
storage drive OEM manual.

Qume Data Track 8

   The Data Track 8 (DT-8) is a Shugart-compatible, dual-sided
disk  drive that is compatible with the LNW80 computer. It has
virtually the same option settings and  factory  configuration
as  the Shugart SA850. It should require no modification other
than  the  setting  of  the  drive  selects  and  the   proper
termination,  The  termination  resistors  consist  of two (2)
dual-inline IC type packages mounted in sockets  on  the  disk
drive's  PCB.  They should only be installed in the last drive
on the cable.  Remember  that  only  one  set  of  termination
resistors  is required for both 5" and 8" drives. A 16-pin dip
shunt is provided for the seven most commonly used  trace  cut
options. These options include:


Table B.6 - Qume Data Track 8 Option Settings
 Trace 
Designator
 Description 
 Correct 
Setting
 R
 I
 HL
 A
 B
 X
 Z
 READY IN THE MUX MODE
 INDEX IN THE MUX NODE
 STEPPER POWER FROM HEAD LOAD
 DRIVE SELECT ACTIVE
 DRIVE SELECT ACTIVE
 HEAD LOAD ACTIVE ON DRIVE SLCT
 IN USE FROM DRIVE SELECT 
 CLOSED
 CLOSED
 CLOSED
 CLOSED
 CLOSED
 CLOSED
 CLOSED 
   This shunt should be installed with no positions broken.

OTHER OPTION SETTINGS

    Table B.7 - Other Option Settings for 8 Inch Drives.
 TRACE 
DESIGNATOR DESCRIPTION CORRECT SETTING
 DS1              DRIVE SELECT 1    FOR DRIVE l:  CLOSED
                                    OTHERS:       OPEN
 DS2              DRIVE SELECT 2    FOR DRIVE 2:  CLOSED
                                    OTHERS:       OPEN
 DS3              DRIVE SELECT 3    FOR DRIVE 3:  CLOSED
                                    OTHERS:       OPEN
 DS4              DRIVE SELECT 4    FOR DRIVE 4:  CLOSED
                                    OTHERS:       OPEN
 RR               RADIAL READY                    CLOSED
 RI	          RADIAL INDEX AND SECTOR         CLOSED
 R,I              READY, INDEX ALTERNATE          CLOSED
 HL	          STEPPER POWER FROM HEAD LOAD    CLOSED
 DS	          STEPPER POWER FROM DRIVE SELECT OPEN
 WP               ENABLE WRITE PROTECT FEATURE    CLOSED
 NP               DISABLE WRITE PROTECT           OPEN
 D                ALTERNATE INPUT-IN USE          OPEN
 6,8,l0,12,
 16,18,24         SEVEN ALTERNATE I/0 PINS        OPEN
 Dl,D2,D4,DDS     DRIVE SELECT DECODE OPTION      OPEN
 A,B,X            RADIAL HEAD LOAD                CLOSED
 C                ALTERNATE INPUT-HEAD LOAD       OPEN
 Z	          IN USE FROM DRIVE SELECT        CLOSED
 Y	          IN USE FROM HEAD LOAD           OPEN
 2S	          ALTERNATE OUTPUT DISK 2 SENSE   OPEN
 DL               DOOR LOCK LATCH                 OPEN
 Bl-B4            TWO, DOUBLE SIDED DRIVE SELECT  OPEN
 S2	          HEAD SELECT FROM SIDE SELECT    CLOSED
 Sl,S3            CONFIGURATION FOR HEAD SELECT   OPEN 


   NOTE:  The  above  options are selected via pins or circuit
trace. CLOSED means that either a Berg pin-shorting-plug or  a
circuit   trace  is  making  continuity.  OPEN  means  that  a
shorting-pin is not  present  or  that  the  circuit  etch  is
broken. For more information refer to the Qume Memory Products
Data Trak 8 Maintenance Manual.

Tandon 848-1 and 848-2

   These drives are the single (-1) and dual-sided  (-2)  disk
drives  that  occupy  one-half  the space of a standard 8-inch
drive. These drives  also  feature  DC-only  operation.  These
drives  do not have a head-load solenoid as a standard feature
(the heads are loaded all the time).  WE  RECOMMEND,  for  the
sake  of media and head wear, that the spindle motor should be
configured to be turned on and off by the MOTOR ON line on the
output   of  the  LNW80  disk  controller.  This  modification
procedure is detailed in the next section. The TM848 is  fully
Shugart-compatible, with the following exceptions:

Table B.8 - TM848 Exceptions to Shugart Compatibility
 PIN # 
 DESCRIPTION 
 COMMENTS 
 6 
18
 MOTOR OFF 
NOT USED
 WILL BE MODIFIED TO BE MOTOR ON 
IS HEAD LOAD ON OTHER DRIVES

   The  factory  options are configured via a DIP shunt at U3,
pins and circuit  traces.  The  factory  settings  require  no
changes with the exception of drive selects and the removal of
the termination resistor DIP pack from all the  drives  except
the  last  drive  on  the cable. Table B.9 is a summary of the
factory selected options.

Table B.9 - TM848 Factory Selected Options
 Trace 
Settings
  Description              
 Correct 
Settings
 R              READY IN THE MUX MODE           CLOSED
 I              INDEX IN THE MUX MODE           CLOSED
 HL             STEPPER POWER FROM HEAD LOAD    CLOSED
 A              DRIVE SELECT ACTIVE             CLOSED
 B              DRIVE SELECT ACTIVE             CLOSED
 X              HEAD LOAD ACTIVE ON DRIVE SLCT  CLOSED
 Z              IN USE FROM DRIVE SELECT        CLOSED 
This shunt should be installed with no positions broken


Other Options

      Table B.10 - Other Options for the Tandon 848-1
                   and 848-2 Drives.
 TRACE 
DESIGNATOR DESCRIPTION CORRECT SETTING
 DS1              DRIVE SELECT 1    FOR DRIVE 1:   CLOSED
                                    OTHERS:        OPEN
 DS2              DRIVE SELECT 2    FOR DRIVE 2:   CLOSED
                                    OTHERS:        OPEN
 DS3              DRIVE SELECT 3    FOR DR1VE 3:   CLOSED
                                    OTHERS:        OPEN
 DS4              DRIVE SELECT 4    FOR DRIVE 4:   CLOSED
                                    OTHERS:        OPEN
 RR               RADIAL READY                     CLOSED
 RI               RADIAL INDEX AND SECTOR          CLOSED
 R,I              READY, INDEX ALTERNATE           CLOSED
 DS               STEPPER POWER FROM DRIVE SELECT  OPEN
 WP               ENABLE WRITE PROTECT FEATURE     CLOSED
 NP               DISABLE WRITE PROTECT            OPEN
 DC               ALTERNATE DISK CHANGE            OPEN
 D                ALTERNATE INPUT-IN USE           OPEN
 Z                IN USE FROM DRIVE SELECT         CLOSED
 2S               ALTERNATE OUTPUT DISK 2 SENSE    OPEN
 DL               DOOR LOCK LATCH (OPTIONAL)       OPEN
 Bl-B4            TWO, DOUBLE SIDED DRIVE SELECT   OPEN
 S2               HEAD SELECT FROM SIDE SELECT     CLOSED
 Sl,S3            CONFIGURATION FOR HEAD SELECT    OPEN
 Y   (OPTIONAL)   IN USE FROM HEAD LOAD            OPEN
 HL  (OPTIONAL)   STEPPER POWER FROM HEAD LOAD     CLOSED
 MC1              MOTOR ON CONTROL FROM PIN 4      CLOSED 
Configuring the TM848 for MOTOR-ON Controlled Operation

   If the TM848 that you are using does not have the HEAD LOAD
SOLENOID OPTION OR it is desired that the TM848 motor  control
operates   like   a   minifloppy  (for  noise  or  media  wear
considerations), the following procedure can be  performed  to
configure the drive to operate in this manner:

1. Modify the Disk Drive:

   Install a jumper from Pin 6 of the drive’s 50-pin edge card
(a pad is provided at MC2) to U35-10 (available at one side of
jumper strap M2). This can be accomplished using a 30 AWG wire
of  sufficient  length  soldered  properly  and   mechanically
secured with some type of glue or tape to keep it close to the
surface of the PCB. Refer to the  silkscreen  on  the  circuit


board  and, if possible, the schematic diagrams (Tandon Dwg. #
210092-00) and the technical documentation on the drive.

2. Install a Jumper on the 34 to 50 Cable Adapter

   The motor-on control (from the 5-1/4" 34-pin cable)  should
then  be  routed  to  Pin 6 of the 50-pin 8" disk drive bus so
that the motor-on control will drive  the  8"  disk  drive(s).
This  can  be accomplished by installing a jumper (soldering a
small wire) across the pads that are conveniently provided  on
the  34-to-50  pin  adaptor-cable LNW STK# 1096. To find these
unmarked pads, simply trace Pin 6 of  the  50-pin  side  to  a
"dead  end"  pad.  Another pad is located nearby and should be
connected to Pin 16 of the 34 pin 5-1/4" side of  the  adaptor
board.

Other Considerations.

   Now  that the 8" drives act similar in nature to the 5-1/4"
drives,  there  is  a  small  problem  with  the  DOSPLUS  3.4
operating  system. DOSPLUS does not wait for the drive to come
up to speed on the 8" disk  drives  (since  this  burdens  the
performance  of  the  other  type  of drives). In order to use
DOSPLUS, a patch is required to allow the disk drive  adequate
time for the drive to come up to speed. Here it is:

5-1/4 or 8 Inch System Disk

   Using  the  DISKZAP  utility program in DOSPLUS, modify the
following two  bytes  ON  A  BACKUP  OF  YOUR  DOSPLUS  MASTER
DISKETTE:

                 Track:    F
                 Sector:   3

 Bytes 
 Was 
 Should Be 
 CF 
D0
 20 
09
 00 
00
Table B.11 - Zaps to 5-1/4 or 8 Inch System Disk


APPENDIX C: DRAWING PROGRAM FOR LNWBASIC MODE 1

10 '...DRAWING PROGRAM - This program allows you to draw
20 '...lines and circles on the screen
30 CLEAR200:CLS:PCLS:MODE 1
40 GSUB #"MENU"
60 DRAW"B,M240,96"     ' Start at centre of screen
90 CLS:PCLS
100 IN$="UDLREFGHBZCSO"
120 A=PEEK(SH4099)IFA=0THEN120
140 A$=CHRS(A)
160 AX=INSTR(IN$gA$)
180	ON                 AX                 GOSUB
500,500,500,500,500,500,500,500,600,700,800,900,950
190 GOT0100         '...Erroneus entry disregarded
499 '...Main draw section
500 B$=A$
520 DO
540 DRAWAS+"1"
560   A=PEEK(kH4099):A$=CHR$(A)
580 UNTIL (A$
900 INPUT"Name of graphics screen to be saved  ";S$
910 PSAVE S$: CLS: RETURN
950 INPUT"Name of graphics screen to be loaded  ";O$
960 PLOAD O$: CLS: RETURN
1000 4"MENU"
1010 PRINT @0,STRING$(64,131)
1020 PRINT @85,"DRAWING PROGRAM MENU"
1030 PRINT @128,STRING$(64,131)
1040  PRINT @259,"By pressing any of the keys U,D,L,R,E,F,G or
H, you may draw lines as indiated in the diagram"
1050 DRAW"B,N100,120"
1060 DRAW"N,U20,N,D20,N,L20,N,R20,N,E20,N,F20,N,G20,N,H20"
1070
PRINT@460,"H";:PRINT@464,"U";:PRINT@469,"E";:PRINT@651,"L";:P
RINT@662("R";
1080 PRINT0780,"G";:PRINT@784,"D";:PRINT@789,"F";
1090 PRINT@480,"Z = Zero (erase) last line   ";:RINT@544,"B =
Move to new start point";
1100 PRINT@800,"Press space-bar to halt a line";
1110 PRINT@608,"C = Draw circle";
1120  PRINT@896,"S  =  Save  graphics screen";: PRINT@928,"0 =
Load graphics screen";
1130 A=PEEK(&H4099): IF A=0 THEN 1130 ELSE RETURN













APPENDIX D Video Display Worksheet Video Display Worksheet











APPENDIX E GLOSSARY access The operation of seeking, reading or writing data on a storage unit (in this case, the diskette). access time The time that elapses between any instruction being given to access some data and that data becoming available for use. address An identification (number, name, or label) for a location in which data is stored. algorithm A computational procedure. alphanumeric (characters) A generic term for numeric digits and alphabetic characters. alphanumeric string A group of characters which may include digits, alphabetic characters, punctuation characters and special characters, and may include spaces. (Note: a space is a ’character' to the computer, as it must generate a code for spaces as well as symbols.) ASCII Abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Pronounced: ’ass-key'. Usually refers to a standard method of encoding letter, numeral, symbol and special function characters, as used by the computer industry. assembly language A machine-oriented language for programming mnemonics and machine readable code from the mnemonics. base Quantity of characters for use in each of the digital positions of a numbering system. base 2 The 'binary’ numbering system consisting of more than one symbol, representing a sum, in which the individual quantity represented by each figure is based on a multiple of 2. base 10 The 'decimal' numbering system HMD consisting of more than one symbol, representing a sum, in which the individual quantity represented by each symbol is based on a multiple of 10. base 16 The 'hexadecimal’ numbering s stem HMD consisting or more than one symbol representing sum, in which the individual quantity represented by eac symbol is based on a multiple of 16. binary See ’base 2' bit a. single 'binary’ digit whose value is 'zero' or 'one'. Boolean This word isn't really bere (for you folks who paid attention to the general information section). A form of algebra applied to binary numbers which is similar in form to ordinary algebra. It is especially useful for logical analysis of binary numbers as used in computers. 'BOOT' -- BOOTSTRAP A machine language program file that is put onto every diskette by the 'FORMAT' routine. This routing is invoked when reset or power-on occurs. It automatically loads the necessary programs (SYS0/SYS) to cause the computer to respond to the DOS commands; i.e., the machine is 'BOOTSTRAPPED' or ’BOOTED' into operation, buffer A small area of memory used for the temporary storage of data to be processed. buffer track A track on a diskette used for the temporary storage of data or program material during a recovery process. bug A Software fault that results in the malfunction of a program. May also refer to hardware malfunctions. byte Eight ’bits'. A 'byte' may represent any numerical value between '0' and '255'. command file A file consisting of a list of commands, to be executed in sequence. contiguous Adjacent or adjoining. control code In programming, instructions which determine conditional jumps are often referred to as control instructions and the time sequence of execution of instructions is called the flow of control. CRC error Cyclic Redundancy Check. A means of checking for errors by using redundant information used primarily to check disk I/0 while verifying data base A collection of interrelated data stored together with controlled redundancy to serve one or more applications. The data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use the data. A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within a data base. A system is said to contain a collection of data-based information if they are disjoint in structure. data-base management system The collection of software required for using a data base. data element Synonymous with ’data item' or 'field’ data type The form in which data is stored; i.e., integer, single precision, double precision, ’alphanumeric' character strings or 'strings'. DEC Initials for Directory Entry Code. decimal See 'base 10'. direct access Retrieval or storage of data by a reference to its location on a disk, rather than relative to the previously retrieved or stored data. DIRECT STATEMENT (IN FILE) A program statement that exists in the disk file that is not assigned a line number. DIRECTORY A table giving the relationships between items of data. Sometimes a table or an index giving the addresses of data. displacement A specified number of sectors, at the top or beginning of the file, in which the 'bookkeeping’ and file parameters are stored for later use by various program modules. distributed free space Space left empty at intervals in a data lay out to permit the possible insertion of new data. double precision A positive or negative numeric value, 16 digits in length, not including a decimal point (Example: 99999999999999.99). DUMP To transfer all or part of the contents of one section of computer memory or disk into another section, or to some other computer device. embedded pointers Pointers in the data records rather than in a directory. entity Something about which data is recorded. EOF Initials for 'end of file’. It is common practice to say that the EOF is record number nn or that the EOF is byte 15 of sector 12. Hence, it is a convenient term to use in describing the location of the last record or last byte in a file. extent A contiguous area of data storage. file A collection of related records treated as a unit; The word file is used in the general sense to mean any collection of informational items similar to one another in purpose, form and content. file parameters The data that describes or defines the structure of the file. FILESPEC A file specification and may include the 'file name', the 'the file name extension', 'password', and 'disk drive' specification. field See ’data item’. file area The physical location of the file, on the disk, or in memory. header record A record containing common, constant or identifying information for a group of records which follow. hexadecimal See 'base 16’ index A table used to determine the location of a record. indirect addressing Any method of specifying or locating a storage location, whereby, the key (of itself or through calculation) does not represent an address. For example, locating an address through indices, INSTRING Refers to the capability of locating a substring of characters that may exist in another character string. An example would be: Substring = 'THE' String = 'NOW IS THE TIME'. An INSTRING routine would locate the substring and return its starting position within that string. In this example, it would return a value of eight. integer A natural or whole number with no decimal point.. inverted file A file structure which permits fast spontaneous searching for previous unspecified information. Independent lists or indices are maintained in records' keys which are accessible according to the values of specific fields. inverted list A list organized by a secondary key HMD not a primary key. IPL Initials for Initialize Program Loader; a program usually executed upon pressing of the 'RESET’ button. key A data item used to identify or locate a record or other data grouping. label A set of symbols used to identify or describe an item, record, message or file. Occasionally, it may be the same as the address in storage. least significant byte The significant byte contributing the smallest quantity to the value of a numeral. list An ordered set of data items. A 'chain'. load module A program developed for loading into storage and being executed when control is passed to the program. logical An adjective describing the form of data organization, hardware or system that is perceived by an application program, programmer, or user; it may be different than the real (physical) form. logical data-base description A schema. A description of the overall data-base structure, as perceived for the users, which is employed by the data base management software. logical file A file as perceived by an application program; it may be in a completely different form from that in which it is stored on the storage units. logical operator A mathematical symbol that represents a mathematical process to be performed on an associated operand. Such operators are ’AND’, 'OR’, 'NOT’, ’AND NOT’ and ’OR NOT'. logical record A record or data item as perceived by an application program; it may be in a completely different form from that in which it is stored on the storage units. LSB See least significant byte. machine-language See assembly language. maintenance of a file (1) The addition, deletion, changing or updating of records in the database. (2) Periodic reorganization of a file to better accommodate items that have been added. monitor A program that may supervise the operation of another program for operation or debugging or other purposes. most significant byte The significant byte contributinq the greatest quantity to the value of a numeral. MSB See most significant byte. multiple-key retrieval Retrieval which requires searches of data based on the values of several key fields (some or all of which are secondary keys). nibble The four right most or left most binary digits of a byte. null An absence of information as contrasted with zero or blank for the presence of no information. on-line An on-line system is one in which the input data enter the computer directly from their point of origin, and/or output data are transmitted directly to where they are used. The intermediate stages such as writing tape, loading disks or off-line printing are avoided. on-line storage Storage devices and especially the storage media which they contain under the direct control of a computing system, not off-line or in a volume library. operating system Software which enables a computer to supervise its own operations, automatically calling in programs, routines, language and data as needed for continuous throughput of different types of jobs. parity Parity relates to the maintenance of a sameness of level or count, i.e., keeping the same number of binary ones in a computer word to thus be able to perform a check based on an even or odd number for all words under examination. physical An adjective, contrasted with logical, which refers to the form in which data or systems exist in reality. data is often converted by software from the form in which it is physically stored to a form in which a user or programmer perceives it. physical data base A data base in the form in which it is stored on the storage media, including pointers or other means of interconnecting it. Multiple logical data bases may be derived from one or more physical data bases. physical record A collection of bits that are physically recorded on the storage medium and which are read or written by one machine input/output instruction. pointer The address or a record (or other data groupings) contained in another record so that a program may access the former record when it has retrieved the latter record. The address can be absolute, relative, symbolic, hence, the pointer is referred to as absolute, relative, or symbolic. primary entry The main entry made to the directory. random access To obtain data directly from any storage location regardless of its position, with respect to the previously referenced information. Also called 'direct access'. random access storage A storage technique in which the time required to obtain information is independent of the location of the information most recently obtained. read To accept or copy information or data from input devices or a memory register; i.e., to read out, to read in. record A group of related fields of information treated as a unit by an application program. relational operator A mathematical symbol that represents a mathematical process to perform a comparison describing the relationship between two values (e.g. < less than . . . .> greater than . equal . . . and combinations thereof). search To examine a,series of items for any that have a desired property or properties. secondary index An index composed of secondary keys rather than primary keys. sector The smallest addressable portion of storage on a diskette. seek To position the access mechanism of a direct-access storage device at a specified location. sequential access Access in which records must be read serially or sequentially one after the other; i.e., ASCII files, tape. single precision A positive or negative numerical value of 6 digits in length, not including a decimal point (Example: 99999.9). sort To arrange a file or data in a sequence by a specified key (may be alphabetic or numeric and in descending or ascending order). source code The text from which executable code is derived. system file A program used by the operating system to manage the executing program and/or the computer's resources. sub-strings See INSTRING table A collection of data suitable for quick reference, each item being uniquely identified either by a label or its relative position. tally To add or subtract a digit from a quantity. token A one byte code representing a larger word consisting of 2 or more characters. track The circular recording surface transcribed by a read/write head on the disk. transaction An input record applied to an established file. The input record describes some "event" that will either cause a new file record to be generated, an existing record to be changed or an existing record to be deleted. transparent Complexities that are hidden from the programmers or users (made transparent to them) by the software. vector A line representing the properties of magnitude and direction. Since such a 'line' can be described in mathematical terms, a mathematical description (expressed in numbers, of course) of a given 'direction' and ’magnitude' is referred to as a 'vector'. verify To check a data transfer or transcription. working storage A portion of storage, usually computer main memory, reserved for the temporary results of operations. write To record information on a storage device. zap To change a byte or bytes of data in memory on on diskette by using a software utility program. INDEX INDEX * = Discussion # = Proqram listing -A- AC Power 41 Adapter Board, 34 to 50 pin #35,138 Aerocomp 127 Alternate Source 100 Ampere, Andre 74 Analogue Signal 79 Analytical Machine 74 Android/Nim 108 Apparat Inc. 93,128 AUX Input 27,28 ASCII 18,107 Assembler 8 Assembly Language *8 Asynchronous Transmission #76 AUTO (various DOSes) 11,96 Auto Switch 16,97,101,104,107 -B- Babbage, Charles 74 BACKUP 11 Basic *8 - interpreter 91 Baud 19,28,*75 - rate switches 80-81 Baudot 75 Boot sector 10 Bootstrap loader 10 BREAK (key) 16 BUILD (Dosplus 3.4) 11,96 -C- CAPS LOCK *17 Carrier Wave 79 Cassette Interface 9,*27 - specifications 116 Cassette Recorder 27,28 Cathode Ray Tube 22 Central Processing Unit *6,18 - specifications 111 Centronics 71 CHAINBLD/BAS 103 Character - size 26 - position 48,58 CHARM 12,25,26 CLOAD 29 CLEAR 17 Clock ll Color - test program 44 - field 66 - mapping 107 Community College 87 Compatibility 106 Computer *6 Computer Languagea *7 CONFIG (Dosplus 3.4) 96,97 Configuration Switches 81,82,83,84 CONTROL key 16 CONVERT (Dosplus 3.4) 106 CONV2 (Dosplus 3.4) 107 COPY (Newdos80) 11,98,99,101 CRAVE (Basic) 29 Cup (tea or coffee?) 74 Cursor 24 -D- Data Communications Equipment 77,80 Data Terminal Equipment 77 DB25 socket 71,80 Debug ll DEFKEY 18 Digital Signal 79 DIN Plug 27 Dip Switches 80 DIR 11 Directory 10 Disk Basic 5 Disk - care 40 - description 38 - eight inch 95,97 - system 102 Disk Controller *20 Disk Drives *33-38 - configuring 5 1/4" 128 - configuring 8" 131-138 - connecting 5 1/4" 34 - connecting 8" 35 - double sided 127 - MPI 129 - Qume 134 - selection 126 - Shugart 128,133-134 - Siemens/Wangco 130 - Tandon 130,136 - Teac 130 - tutorial 125 Disk Interface *33 specifications 115 Disk Operating System 5,*10-ll,33,91,*82-105 Diskzap 11,16,138 DO 11,103 Documentation 92 DOSPLUS (various versions) 5,9,17,32,71,84,9l,92,93,94, 95-96,97,104,106,128,138 - and LNWbasic 96 - system disk 138 Double density 20,93,95,98-99,128 -E- EAR Input 27,28 Earphone Jack 30 Electric Pencil 12,17,32 Electronic Industries Association 74 Electrons 120 ENTER 15 Environment 87 Expansion Port 20 Extender Cable 34,035 -F- Farvour, James 72 Files 10 Five/Eight Switch *37-38,102 F1,F2 keys 17 FORMAT (various DOSes) ll -G- Graphics *47-69 - cell 48 - characters 25 - machine language 57 - modes 47 - mode 0 *47.58 - mode 1 *48,60 - mode 2 *50,63 - mode 3 *50-54,64 - mode control 57 RAM, accessing 59 - test 46 -H- Half-bit 83 Handshaking 77 High Memory 87 - protection 91 High/Low Switch *16,19,28,94,97,101,103,104,107 - test 46 Housekeeping 90 -I- Input/Output devices *6 Input/Output panel *20,#21,80,101 Interpreter 8 Inverse video *25,57 -K- Keyboard 6,*15 - specifications 111 KILL (various DOSes) 11. -L- Left Arrow 17 Level 2 5,90,91 Ldos (various versions) 5,32,93,95,*103-105,128 - and LNWbasic 104 LDOSPATCH 104,105 Library 10 Line Count 72 Line Printer - adjusting printer controls 73 - availability 72 - interface 70,71 - parallel 70,71 - serial 70,*77,87 - specifications for interface 116 LLIST 71 LNWBasic 5,9,17,84,95,96,106,107 - specifications 117 LNDoubler 5/8 93,102,128 Logical Systems Inc 103,105 Lower Case Program 32 LPATCH/CMD 105 LPRINT 71 LX80 Interface 93,103,104 -M- MAP/BAS (LNWBasic) 107-110 Memory *7 - bank switching 60 - size? 41,91 - specifications 111 - ,text 64 - test 45 utilization 90 MIC Input 27,28 Microsoft 18,72 - Basic interpreter specifications 112 Modem *78-80 - status register 85 Modulation 79 Monitor 22,23, *122-124 - adjustment 42 - monochrome *122-123 - NSTC Composite Video Color *123 - RGB (Red Green Blue) *123-124 Morse, Samuel 74 Multidos 32,93,95, *105 -N- Newdos (various versions) 5,16,32,92,93,94,95,*97-103 - and disk drive setup 99-103 - and LNWbasic 103 Noise 82 NTSC 22 color 44 -0- Object code 8 Omikron 105,128 Operating system *10-11 OS-Dos 94 Outside Interference . 121 Overlays 7,92 -P- Page Length 71 Parallel Printer 19 - see also Line Printer Parity 81,82,84 PDRIVE (Newdos80) 97-102 PEEK (Basic) 72 Percom Data Co. 93,127 Per tec 127 Pixel 47 POINT (Basic) 66 Power Supply 121 Power Up *41 - Malfunctions 42 Power Off 45 Prompt 24 Pulled Pin Drive Cables 126 -Q- Quickey (LNWBasic) 17 -R- Radio Frequency modulator 22 Radio Shack 27,91,93 Random Access Memory *19,91 Read Only Memory *18,90 Real Time Clock 117 Receiving (RS232) 81 Red Green Blue 22,023 - monitor 45,50-52 RESET key 15,66 RGB (see Red Green Blue) Right Arrow 17 ROM (see Read Only Memory) Rubber Pinch Roller 28,30 Run-Time 7 RS232 5,19,*74-89 - & Serial printer 77 - specifications 116 -S- Screen #61 - inner 6 extension 62 Scrolling *24 Scrolls 6 Sector 39 Serial Printer (see Line Printer) Serial Terminal Program (see Terminal Program) SHIFT key *17 Shooting Trouble 120 Shugart 125,127 Spool 11 Start Bits 81 Stop Bits 81,83 Superbasic 105 Synchronization Pattern 29 SYSTEM (Newdos80) 97 -T- Tape 27,28 Tape Noise 28 Teletypes 82 Terminal Emulation Capability 116 Terminal Program - assembly language 85 - BASIC 87 Termination 125,131,134 Text Characters *25 Tone Control 30 Tracks 39 Transfer Speed 28,30 Transmitting (RS232) 81 Trouble Shooting see Shooting Trouble Trsdos (various versions) 5,16,92,93,94,95,103 TRS80 - Model I 17,80,81,92,94,107,*125 - Model lI 106,107 - Model III 106,107 - Extended Color Basic 110 TV 22 -U- UART (see Universal Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver) Ultrados 94 Universal Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver 80,81,*83-84 - control register 84 - receive register 85 - status register 85 Utility programs 11 -V- Video display 6,*22 - specifications 113 - output specifications 114 Visicalc 17 Voltage Fluctuations 121 Vtos 32,93,94 -W- Wait States 46 Word Length 81,82 -Y- Yen 17 -Z- Z80A Microprocessor 6,*18,111































USER'S RESPONSE SHEET manual Title: The LNW80 Owner's Manual Manual Date: October, 1982 Date of This Letter: User's Name: Telephone ( ) Company: Office/Dept.: Street Address: City/State/Zip Code: Please list any discrepancy found in this manual by page, paragraph, figure or table number in the following space. If there are any other suggestions that you wish to make, feel free to include them. Thank you. manual Location Comment/Suggestion - FOLD ON TWO LINES (LOCATED ON REVERSE SIDE), STAPLE AND MAIL FOLD PLACE POSTAGE HERE LNW RESEARCH CORP. 2620 WALNUT AVE. TUSTIN, CA. 92680 ATT: PUBLICATIONS DEPT. FOLD TOC